Editing Open access (section)

==== Black OA ====
{{See also|Shadow library}}[[File:Sci-hub downloads.png|thumb|Download rate for articles on [[Sci-Hub]] (black open access)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Himmelstein |first1=Daniel S |last2=Romero |first2=Ariel Rodriguez |last3=Levernier |first3=Jacob G |last4=Munro |first4=Thomas Anthony |last5=McLaughlin |first5=Stephen Reid |last6=Greshake Tzovaras |first6=Bastian |last7=Greene |first7=Casey S |date=1 March 2018 |title=Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature |url=https://greenelab.github.io/scihub-manuscript/#fig:downloads |url-status=live |journal=eLife |volume=7 |doi=10.7554/eLife.32822 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=5832410 |pmid=29424689 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521022258/https://greenelab.github.io/scihub-manuscript/#fig:downloads |archive-date=21 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
The growth of unauthorized digital copying by large-scale copyright infringement has enabled free access to [[paywall]]ed literature.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Björk |first=Bo-Christer |date=2017 |title=Gold, green, and black open access |journal=Learned Publishing |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=173–175 |doi=10.1002/leap.1096 |issn=1741-4857 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Toby |date=2017 |title=We've failed: Pirate black open access is trumping green and gold and we must change our approach |journal=Learned Publishing |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=325–329 |doi=10.1002/leap.1116 |issn=1741-4857 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This has been done via existing social media sites (e.g. the [[ICanHazPDF|#ICanHazPDF]] hashtag) as well as dedicated sites (e.g. [[Sci-hub|Sci-Hub]]).<ref name=":17" /> In some ways this is a large-scale technical implementation of pre-existing practice, whereby those with access to paywalled literature would share copies with their contacts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohannon |first=John |date=28 April 2016 |title=Who's downloading pirated papers? Everyone |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.352.6285.508 |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=352 |issue=6285 |pages=508–12 |doi=10.1126/science.352.6285.508 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=27126020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513024954/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/whos-downloading-pirated-papers-everyone |archive-date=13 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greshake |first=Bastian |date=21 April 2017 |title=Looking into Pandora's Box: The Content of Sci-Hub and its Usage |journal=F1000Research |volume=6 |pages=541 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.11366.1 |issn=2046-1402 |pmc=5428489 |pmid=28529712 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jamali |first=Hamid R. |date=1 July 2017 |title=Copyright compliance and infringement in ResearchGate full-text journal articles |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=241–254 |doi=10.1007/s11192-017-2291-4 |issn=1588-2861 |s2cid=189875585}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Swab |first1=Michelle |last2=Romme |first2=Kristen |date=1 April 2016 |title=Scholarly Sharing via Twitter: #icanhazpdf Requests for Health Sciences Literature |journal=Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.5596/c16-009 |issn=1708-6892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the increased ease and scale from 2010 onwards have changed how many people treat subscription publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKenzie |first=Lindsay |date=27 July 2017 |title=Sci-Hub's cache of pirated papers is so big, subscription journals are doomed, data analyst suggests |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/sci-hub-s-cache-pirated-papers-so-big-subscription-journals-are-doomed-data-analyst |url-status=live |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aan7164 |issn=0036-8075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517023044/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/sci-hub-s-cache-pirated-papers-so-big-subscription-journals-are-doomed-data-analyst |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>