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Paradoxical intention
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=== Relative effectiveness === The effectiveness of paradoxical intention as a substantial treatment for insomnia has been challenged. In fact, research indicates that stimulus control therapies and sleep restriction therapies have been proven to be more effective in treating insomnia.<ref>Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. (2005). American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 6(6), 415.</ref> The current understanding of paradoxical intention with regards to sleep states that it alleviates the patient's “effort associated with sleep”. Espie and Lindsay argue that instead of eradicating the anxiety, it may simply be redirected towards the “effort to stay awake”.<ref name=":4" /> Espie says that since the objective of sleep therapy is to view sleep as an involuntary physiological process that occurs passively, trying to put it under voluntary control by instructing patients to deliberately stay awake could be counterintuitive.<ref>Colin A. Espie, in Behavioral Treatments for Sleep Disorders, 2011</ref><ref name=":4" />
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