Editing Parasitoid (section)

===Other orders===
[[File:Odynerus spinipes^ Vespidae. See parasite note - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|thumb|upright|The head of a sessile female [[strepsiptera]]n protruding (lower right) from the abdomen of its wasp host; the male (not shown) has wings]]

The true flies ([[Diptera]]) include several families of parasitoids, the largest of which is the [[Tachinidae]] (some 9,200 species<ref name=Mills2009/>), followed by the [[Bombyliidae]] (some 4,500 species<ref name=Mills2009/>), along with the [[Pipunculidae]] and the [[Conopidae]], which includes parasitoidal genera such as ''[[Stylogaster]]''.  Other families of flies include some [[protelean]] species.<ref name=UWM>{{cite web |url=http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/fea506.html |title=Midwest Biological Control News |publisher=Department of Entomology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005235859/http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/fea506.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some [[Phoridae]] are parasitoids of ants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wuellner |first1=C. T.|display-authors=etal|title=Phorid Fly (Diptera: Phoridae) Oviposition Behavior and Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Reaction to Attack Differ According to Phorid Species |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |date=2002 |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=257–266 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0257:pfdpob]2.0.co;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feener |first1=Donald H. Jr.|last2=Jacobs |first2=Lucia F.|last3=Schmidt |first3=Justin O. |date=January 1996 |title=Specialized parasitoid attracted to a pheromone of ants |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0005|s2cid=16627717|issn=0003-3472}}</ref> Some [[Sarcophagidae|flesh flies]] are parasitoids: for instance ''Emblemasoma auditrix'' is parasitoidal on cicadas, locating its host by sound.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Köhler, U. |author2=Lakes-Harlan, R. |title=Auditory behaviour of a parasitoid fly (Emblemasoma auditrix, Sarcophagidae, Diptera) |journal=J Comp Physiol A |date=October 2001 |volume=187 |issue=8 |pages=581–587|doi=10.1007/s003590100230 |pmid=11763956 |s2cid=23343345 }}</ref>

The [[Strepsiptera]] (twisted-wing parasites) consist entirely of parasitoids; they usually sterilise their hosts.<ref>{{cite book |author=Whiting, M. F. |editor1=Resh, V. H. |editor2=Cardé, R. T. |year=2003 |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediainse00resh |url-access=limited |publisher=Academic Press |chapter=Strepsiptera |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediainse00resh/page/n1122 1094]–1096|isbn=9780125869904 }}</ref>

Two [[Coleoptera|beetle]] families, [[Ripiphoridae]] (450 species<ref name=Mills2009/>)<ref name=ambeetles>{{cite book |author=Falin, Z. H. |year=2002 |chapter=102. Ripiphoridae. Gemminger and Harold 1870 (1853) |pages=431–444 |editor1=Arnett, R.H. Jr |editor2=Thomas, M. C. |editor3=Skelley, P. E. |editor4=Frank, J. H. |title=American beetles. Volume 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-0954-0 |doi=10.1201/9781420041231.ch6|doi-broken-date=12 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Lawrence, J. F. |author2=Falin, Z. H. |author3=Ślipiński, A. |year=2010 |chapter=Ripiphoridae Gemminger and Harold, 1870 (Gerstaecker, 1855) |pages=538–548 |editor=Leschen, R. A. B. |editor2=Beutel, R. G. |editor3=Lawrence, J. F. |title=Coleoptera, beetles. Volume 2: Morphology and systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia partim) |place=New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019075-5 |doi=10.1515/9783110911213.538}}</ref> and [[Rhipiceridae]], are largely parasitoids, as are ''[[Aleochara]]'' [[Staphylinidae]]; in all, some 400 staphylinids are parasitoidal.<ref name=Mills2009/><ref name=UWM/><ref name="YamamotoMaruyama2016">{{cite journal |last1=Yamamoto |first1=Shûhei |last2=Maruyama |first2=Munetoshi |title=Revision of the subgenus ''Aleochara'' Gravenhorst of the parasitoid rove beetle genus ''Aleochara'' Gravenhorst of Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4101 |issue=1 |pages=1–68 |year=2016 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4101.1.1|pmid=27394607 }}</ref> Some 1,600 species of the large and mainly freeliving family [[Carabidae]] are parasitoids.<ref name=Mills2009/>

A few Neuroptera are parasitoidal; they have larvae that actively search for hosts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Godfray |first=H. C. J. |title=Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology |url=https://archive.org/details/parasitoidsbehav0000godf |url-access=registration |year=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00047-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parasitoidsbehav0000godf/page/40 40]}}</ref> The larvae of some [[Mantispidae]], subfamily Symphrasinae, are parasitoids of other arthropods including bees and wasps.<ref name=Mills2009>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Mills, N. |date=2009 |edition=2nd |title=Parasitoids |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Insects |editor=V. H. Resh |editor2=R. T. Cardé |pages=748–750 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0123741448 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA749}}</ref>

Although nearly all Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are herbivorous, a few species are parasitic. The larvae of [[Epipyropidae]] feed on [[Homoptera]] such as leafhoppers and cicadas, and sometimes on other Lepidoptera. The larvae of [[Cyclotornidae]] parasitise first Homoptera and later [[ant]] brood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pierce |first1=Naomi E. |title=Predatory and Parasitic Lepidoptera: Carnivores Living on Plants |journal=Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society |date=1995 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=412–453 |url=http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1990s/1995/1995-49(4)412-Pierce.pdf}}</ref> The [[Pyralidae|pyralid moth]] ''[[Chalcoela]]'' has been used in biological control of the wasp ''[[Polistes]]'' in the [[Galapagos Islands]].<ref name="Foottit 2017">{{cite book |last=Foottit |first=Robert G. |title=Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3ItDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA606 |year=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-94553-7 |page=606}}</ref>

Parasitism is rare in the Trichoptera (caddisflies), but it is found among the [[Hydroptilidae]] (purse-case caddisflies), probably including all 10 species in the ''Orthotrichia aberrans'' group; they parasitise the pupae of other trichopterans.<ref name="Wells 2005">{{cite journal | last=Wells | first=Alice | title=Parasitism by hydroptilid caddisflies (Trichoptera) and seven new species of Hydroptilidae from northern Queensland | journal=Australian Journal of Entomology | volume=44 | issue=4 | year=2005 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.2005.00492.x | pages=385–391}}</ref>

Mites of the family [[Acarophenacidae]] are ectoparasitoids of insect eggs. Unlike the insect parasitoids, it is the adult stage in Acarophenacidae that acts as a parasitoid. Specifically, adult female mites feed on insect eggs and their body swells up with offspring, which eventually emerge as adults.<ref>{{Citation |title=Acarophenacidae |date=2003-01-23 |work=Mites (Acari) for Pest Control |pages=74–77 |editor-last=Gerson |editor-first=Uri |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470750995.ch5 |access-date=2024-08-28 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470750995.ch5 |isbn=978-0-632-05658-3 |editor2-last=Smiley |editor2-first=Robert L. |editor3-last=Ochoa |editor3-first=Ronald|url-access=subscription }}</ref>