Editing Persecution of Jews (section)

==Early modern period==
The Jews suffered during the Ottoman conquests and policies of colonization and population transfers (the surgun system). This resulted in the disappearance of several Jewish communities, including [[Salonica]], and their replacement by Jewish refugees from Spain. Joseph R. Hacker observes:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Braude|first=Benjamin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71ClMAEACAAJ|title=Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire|page=120|date=2014|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-58826-865-5|language=en}}</ref>
{{blockquote|We possess letters written about the fate of Jews who underwent one or another of the Ottoman conquests. In one of the letters which was written before 1470, there is a description of the fate of such a Jew and his community, according to which description, written in Rhodes and sent to Crete, the fate of the Jews was not different from that of Christians. Many were killed; others were taken captive, and children were [enslaved, forcibly converted to Islam, and] brought to devshirme…. Some letters describe the carrying of the captive Jews to Istanbul and are filled with anti-Ottoman sentiments. Moreover, we have a description of the fate of a Jewish doctor and homilist from Veroia (Kara-Ferya) who fled to Negroponte when his community was driven into exile in 1455. He furnished us with a description of the exiles and their forced passage to Istanbul. Later on we find him at Istanbul itself, and in a homily delivered there in 1468 he expressed his anti-Ottoman feelings openly. We also have some evidence that the Jews of Constantinople suffered from the conquest of the city and that several were sold into slavery.}}

Hacker concludes that the friendly policies of Mehmed and the good reception by Bayezid II of Spanish Jews likely caused 16th century Jewish writers to overlook both the destruction Byzantine Jews suffered during the Ottoman conquests and the later outbursts of oppression under Bayezid II and Selim I.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Sultan [[Murad IV]] feared that the Ottoman decline was a punishment from Allah for being lax on the enforcement of the sharia. In 1631, he issued a decree re-enforcing the dress restrictions for ''dhimmi''s, to ensure they would "feel themselves subdued" (Qur’an 9:29):<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2I6AgAAQBAJ|title=Osman's Dream|page=213|date=2012-07-19|publisher=John Murray Press|isbn=978-1-84854-785-8|language=en}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Insult and humiliate infidels in garment, clothing and manner of dress according to Muslim law and imperial statute. Henceforth, do not allow them to mount a horse, wear sable fur, sable fur caps, satin and silk velvet. Do not allow their women to wear mohair caps wrapped in cloth and "Paris" cloth. Do not allow infidels and Jews to go about in Muslim manner and garment. Hinder and remove these kinds. Do not lose a minute in executing the order that I have proclaimed in this manner.}}

When a fire devastated much of Constantinople in 1660, the Ottomans blamed the Jews and expelled them from the city. Inscribed in the royal mosque in Constantinople was a reference to Prophets Muhammad's expulsion of the Jews from Medina; the mosque's endowment deed has a reference to "the Jews who are the enemy of Islam."<ref name="auto"/>

In the [[Zaydi|Zaydi imamate]] of [[Yemen]], Jews were singled out for discrimination in the 17th century, which culminated in the general expulsion of all Jews from places in Yemen to the arid coastal plain of [[Tihamah]], and which became known as the [[Mawza Exile]].<ref>Qafiḥ, Yossef (1989) ''Ketavim'' (''Collected Papers''), c.2, Jerusalem, Israel. pp.714-ff. (Hebrew)</ref>