Editing Peru (section)

=== 21st century ===
{{See also|Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)|Peruvian protests (2022–2023)}}

Peru tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth at the start of the 21st century,<ref name="The Economist-2007" /> though [[Fujimorism]] held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation.<ref name="Villalba-2022" /> In spite of human rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the Peruvian conflict.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Gavin David |date=2009 |title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru |url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html |journal=Forced Migration Review |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A caretaker government presided over by [[Valentín Paniagua]] took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards [[Alejandro Toledo]] became president in 2001 to 2006. On 28 July 2006, former president [[Alan García]] became President of Peru after winning the [[2006 Peruvian general election|2006 elections]]. In 2006, Alberto Fujimori's daughter, [[Keiko Fujimori]], entered Peru's political arena to continue her father's legacy and espouse Fujimorism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]] |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2004 |title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency' |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Forero |first=Juan |date=9 April 2006 |title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 June 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2008, Peru became a member of the [[Union of South American Nations]]. In April 2009, former president [[Alberto Fujimori]] was convicted of human rights violations and [[Alberto Fujimori's arrest and trial|sentenced]] to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the [[Grupo Colina]] [[death squad]] during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 April 2009|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=12 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the presidencies of [[Ollanta Humala]], [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] and [[Martín Vizcarra]], the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 5 June 2011, [[Ollanta Humala]] was elected president, with his cabinet being [[Motion of no confidence|successfully censured]] by the Fujimorist Congress.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=31 March 2015 |title=Peru's Prime Minister Ana Jara deposed over spy row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32129407 |work=BBC |agency=BBC News |access-date=19 August 2017 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820050009/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32129407 |url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning with [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], Congress used [[Vacancy due to moral incapacity (Peru)|broadly interpreted]] [[impeachment]] wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that allowed impeachment of the president without cause<ref name="PROFE92" /><ref name="Taj-2021" /><ref name="Reuters-2021" /><ref name="Tegel-2021" /> to place pressure on the president, forcing him to [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski#Resignation|resign]] in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration. Vice president [[Martín Vizcarra]] then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings as he led the anti-corruption [[2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] movement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tegel |first=Simeon |date=12 August 2018 |title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change. |language=en |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|url-status=live}}</ref> 

The [[COVID-19 pandemic in Peru|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted with Peru experiencing the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the world, exposing much of the inequality that persisted since the Fujimori administration<ref name="Mitrovic-2021" /> and triggering an economic crisis that led to [[Removal of Martín Vizcarra|Vizcara's removal from the presidency by Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |work=BBC News |date=10 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live}}</ref> Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President [[Manuel Merino]], faced [[2020 Peruvian protests|protests]] across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |work=BBC News |date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live}}</ref> Merino was replaced by President [[Francisco Sagasti]], who led a provisional, centrist government, and enforced many of Vizcarra's former policies.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2021 Peruvian general election|Elections]] were held on 11 April 2021, and [[Pedro Castillo]] of the [[Free Peru]] party won the first round, followed closely by Keiko Fujimori, with right-wing parties allied with Fujimori maintaining positions in Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |work=BBC News |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Protestas Lima Diciembre 2022 (3).jpg|thumb|Demonstrations in Lima during the [[2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]]]]
On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new [[president of Peru]] after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |work=DW.com |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, Peru celebrated the [[Bicentennial of the Independence of Peru|bicentenary of independence]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Castillo [[Pedro Castillo#Removal attempts|faced multiple impeachment votes]] during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a [[Third impeachment and removal of Pedro Castillo|third impeachment effort]], Castillo tried to prevent this by attempting to [[2022 Peruvian self-coup d'état attempt|dissolve]] the opposition-controlled legislature and create an "exceptional emergency government." In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President [[Dina Boluarte]]. She became the country's first female president.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2022 |title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2022 |title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505 |url-status=live}}</ref> Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the [[Mexico|Mexican]] embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents.<ref name="Banda-2023" /><ref name="Patriau-2023" /> This resentment led to the [[2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]], which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the [[Ayacucho massacre]] and [[Juliaca massacre]] occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades.<ref name="Banda-2023" /> The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an [[authoritarian]] or [[Military junta|civilian-military government]].<ref name="Banda-2023" /><ref name="Patriau-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live}}</ref>