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Phrygian language
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==== Substantives ==== Nouns belong to three stem groups: ''o''-stems, ''a''-stems, and consonant stems ("''C''-stems"); the latter group also includes ''i''- and ''u''-stems. In addition there is a group of personal names with an e-stem. The paradigm for nouns is as follows (to keep the paradigm clear, the many minor spelling variants, including New-Phrygian ones in Greek characters, are omitted):<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 69–73.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | ''a''-stems !! colspan="2" | ''o''-stems !! colspan="2" | ''C''-stems !! ''e''-stems |- ! Masculine !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Masc./Fem. !! Neuter !! (Personal names) |- | rowspan="4" | Singular || Nominative || align="center" | -a(s) || align="center" | -a || align="center" | -os || rowspan="2" align="center" | -un || align="center" | -s, -Ø{{efn|The Nominative Singular of consonant stems ends in -s for t-, d-, s-, i-, and u-stems; it ends in -Ø (without -s) for l-, m-, n-, r-, and some k-stems.}} || rowspan="2" align="center" | -Ø || align="center" | -es (-e) |- | Accusative || colspan="2" align="center" | -an || align="center" | -un (-on) || align="center" | -(a)n || align="center" | -in |- | Genitive || colspan="2" align="center" | -as || colspan="2" align="center" | -o (-ov) || colspan="2" align="center" | -os || align="center" | -itos |- | Dative || colspan="2" align="center" | -ai (-a) || colspan="2" align="center" | -oi (-o) || colspan="2" align="center" | -ei || align="center" | ? |- | rowspan="4" | Plural || Nominative || colspan="2" align="center" | -a(s) (?) || align="center" | -oi || rowspan="2" align="center" | -a || align="center" | -es || rowspan="2" align="center" | -a || align="center" | — |- | Accusative || colspan="2" align="center" | -ais || align="center" | -ois (?) || align="center" | -ais (?) || align="center" | — |- | Genitive || colspan="2" align="center" | ? || colspan="2" align="center" | -un || colspan="2" align="center" | ? || align="center" | — |- | Dative || colspan="2" align="center" | -as || colspan="2" align="center" | -os || colspan="2" align="center" | ? || align="center" | — |} {{notelist}} Examples:<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 127–310.</ref> * '''''a''-stem: μανκα''' [''manka''] (''stele''): Nom. μανκα [''manka'']; Acc. μανκαν [''mankan'']; Dat. μανκαι [''mankai''], μανκα, μανκης, μανκε. * '''''o''-stem: ''devos''''' ('god', cf. Greek θεός): Nom. ''devos''; Acc. (or Gen.?) ''devun''; Pl. Dat. δεως [''deos''], διως, δεος, δδεω, διος, δυως. * '''''C''- (''r''-)stem: ''daker''''' (meaning not clear): Nom. ''daker'', δακαρ; Acc. ''dakeran''; Pl. Nom. δακερης [''dakeres'']; Pl. Acc. ''dakerais''. * '''''C''- (''n''-)stem: ορουαν''' [''orouan''] ('keeper, protector'): Nom. ορουεναν [''orouenan'']; Acc. ορουαν [''orouan'']; Gen. ορουενος [''orouenos'']. * '''''C''- (''k''-)stem: ''knays''''' ('woman, wife', cf. Greek γυνή): Nom. ''knays, knais''; Acc. κναικαν [''knaikan'']; Gen. κναικος [''knaikos'']; Pl. Nom. ''knaykes''. * '''''i''-stem: *''Tis''''' ('Zeus'): Acc. Τιαν [''Tian'']; Dat. Τιε [''Tie''], Τι, Τιη, Tiei; Gen. Τιος [''Tios'']. * '''''e''-stem: ''Manes''''' ('Manes'): Nom. ''Manes, Mane'', Μανεις; Acc. ''Manin''; Gen. ''Manitos''.
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