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Potter sequence
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==History== Bilateral [[renal agenesis]] (BRA) was first recognized as a defect of human [[fetal]] development in 1671 by Wolfstrigel.<ref name="pmid10672944">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liatsikos EN, Perimenis P, Dandinis K, Kaladelfou E, Barbalias GA |title=Mermaid and Potter's syndrome occurring simultaneously |journal=Int Urol Nephrol |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=277β81 |year=1999 |pmid=10672944 |doi=10.1023/A:1007149414339 |s2cid=21506819 |url=http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0301-1623&volume=31&page=277 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1946, [[Edith Potter]] (1901β1993) described a series of 20 cases with absent kidneys, noting the characteristic appearance of the head and lungs.<ref name="pmid20984673">{{cite journal|last=POTTER|first=EL|title=Facial characteristics of infants with bilateral renal agenesis.|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|date=June 1946|volume=51|issue=6|pages=885β8|pmid=20984673|doi=10.1016/S0002-9378(16)39968-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid13536430">{{cite journal |author=WELCH RG |title=The Potter syndrome of renal agenesis |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=5079 |pages=1102β3 |date=May 1958 |pmid=13536430 |pmc=2028705 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.1.5079.1102}}</ref> Up until this time, the condition itself was considered to be extremely rare. However, due in part to Potter's work, it has come to light that the condition presents far more frequently than previously reported. Potter analyzed approximately 5000 [[autopsy]] cases performed on fetuses and newborn infants over a period of ten years and found that 20 of these infants presented with BRA, all of which had distinctive facial characteristics which did not appear to have any specific embryologic correlation with the renal anomaly.<ref name="pmid20984673" /><ref name="pmid17712193">{{cite journal|last=Dunn|first=P M|title=Dr Edith Potter (1901 1993) of Chicago: pioneer in perinatal pathology|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition|date=1 September 2007|volume=92|issue=5|pages=F419βF420|doi=10.1136/fnn.2005.091397|pmid=17712193|pmc=2675375}}</ref> It was only much later that she and others were to attribute the multiple congenital deformities, including the features of Potter's facies and also pulmonary hypoplasia, to the prolonged lack of amniotic fluid.<ref name="pmid4826613">{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=IT|author2=Smith, DW|title=Oligohydramnios, cause of the nonrenal features of Potter's syndrome, including pulmonary hypoplasia|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|date=June 1974|volume=84|issue=6|pages=811β5|pmid=4826613|doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(74)80753-5}}</ref><ref name="Dunn1968">{{cite book|author=Peter M. Dunn|title=The influence of the intrauterine environment in the causation of congenital postural deformities, with special reference to congenital dislocation of the hip.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efz8MgEACAAJ|access-date=1 June 2013|year=1968|publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> These facial characteristics have subsequently been referred to as Potter facies.<ref name="pmid17712193" /> From her analysis, she was able to deduce the sequence of events that leads to what is now known as Potter sequence.<ref name="pmid17712193" /> Potter went on to become a pioneer in the field of human renal development; her contributions are still employed and appreciated by clinicians and researchers to the present time.<ref name="pmid17712193" /><ref name="pmid7752020">{{cite journal|last=Gilbert-Barness|first=E|title=Edith Potter|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|date=May 1995|volume=126|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=845β6|pmid=7752020|doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70433-7|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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