Editing Power-line communication (section)

=== Medium-speed narrow-band ===

The Distribution Line Carrier (DLC) System technology used a frequency range of 9 to 500&nbsp;kHz with data rate up to {{nowrap|576 kbit/s}}.<ref>{{cite web |title= Distribution Line Carrier System |publisher= Power-Q Sendirian Bhd |url-status=dead |url= http://www.powerq.com.my/telecommunication/distribution-line-carrier-system |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090520004013/http://www.powerq.com.my/telecommunication/distribution-line-carrier-system |archive-date= 20 May 2009  |access-date= 22 July 2011 }}</ref>

A project called Real-time Energy Management via Powerlines and Internet (REMPLI) was funded from 2003 to 2006 by the [[European Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Real-time Energy Management via Powerlines and Internet |work=official web site |url-status=dead |url= http://www.rempli.org/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090214043341/http://www.rempli.org/ |archive-date= 14 February 2009 |access-date= 22 July 2011 }}</ref>

More modern systems use [[OFDM]] to send data at faster bit rates without causing radio frequency interference. These utilize hundreds of slowly-sending data channels. Usually, they can adapt to noise by turning off channels with interference. The extra expense of the encoding devices is minor compared to the cost of the electronics to transmit. The transmission electronics is usually a high-power operational amplifier, a coupling transformer and a power supply. Similar transmission electronics is required on older, slower systems, so with improved technology, improved performance can be very affordable.

In 2009, a group of vendors formed the PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution (PRIME) alliance.<ref>{{cite web |title= Welcome To PRIME Alliance  |work= Official web site |url= http://www.prime-alliance.org/ |access-date= 22 July 2011 }}</ref> As delivered, the physical layer is [[OFDM]], sampled at 250&nbsp;kHz, with 512 [[differential phase shift keying]] channels from 42–89&nbsp;kHz. Its fastest transmission rate is {{nowrap|128.6 kbit/s}}, while its most robust is {{nowrap|21.4 kbit/s}}. It uses a [[convolutional code]] for error detection and correction. The upper layer is usually [[IPv4]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.lit.lnt.de/papers/isplc_2011_hoch.pdf|last=Hoch|first=Martin|title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications |chapter=Comparison of PLC G3 and PRIME |doi=10.1109/ISPLC.2011.5764384|pages=165–169|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4244-7751-7|s2cid=13741019|access-date=16 May 2012|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810045448/http://www.lit.lnt.de/papers/isplc_2011_hoch.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011, several companies including [[distribution network operator]]s ([[Électricité de France#Distribution network (RTE and Enedis)|ERDF]], Enexis), meter vendors ([[Sagemcom]], Landis&Gyr) and chip vendors ([[Maxim Integrated]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[STMicroelectronics]], [[Renesas]]) founded the G3-PLC Alliance<ref>{{cite web |title= G3-PLC Official Web Site |work= Official web site |url= http://www.g3-plc.com/ |access-date= 6 March 2013 }}</ref> to promote G3-PLC technology. G3-PLC is the low-layer protocol to enable large scale infrastructure on the electrical grid. G3-PLC may operate on CENELEC A band (35 to 91&nbsp;kHz) or CENELEC B band (98&nbsp;kHz to 122&nbsp;kHz) in Europe, on ARIB band (155&nbsp;kHz to 403&nbsp;kHz) in Japan and on FCC (155&nbsp;kHz to 487&nbsp;kHz) for the US and the rest of the world. The technology used is [[OFDM]] sampled at 400&nbsp;kHz with adaptative modulation and tone mapping. Error detection and correction is made by both a [[convolutional code]] and [[Reed-Solomon error correction]]. The required [[media access control]] is taken from [[IEEE 802.15.4]], a radio standard. In the protocol, [[6loWPAN]] has been chosen to adapt [[IPv6]] an internet network layer to constrained environments which is Power line communications. [[6loWPAN]] integrates routing, based on the [[mesh network]] LOADng, header compression, fragmentation and security. G3-PLC has been designed for extremely robust communication based on reliable and highly secured connections between devices, including crossing Medium Voltage to Low Voltage transformers. With the use of IPv6, G3-PLC enables communication between meters, grid actuators as well as smart objects. In December 2011, G3 PLC technology was recognized as an international standard at [[ITU]] in Geneva where it is referenced as G.9903,<ref>{{cite web |title= G.9903 ITU-T Web Page  |work= Official web site |url= http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.9903-201210-I/en |access-date= 6 March 2013 }}</ref> Narrowband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing power line communication transceivers for G3-PLC networks.