Editing Problem gambling (section)

==Diagnosis==
The most common instrument used to screen for "probable pathological gambling" behavior is the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) developed by Lesieur and Blume (1987) at the South Oaks Hospital in New York City.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers|date=September 1, 1987|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=144|issue=9|pages=1184–1188 |doi=10.1176/ajp.144.9.1184|pmid=3631315|last1=Lesieur |first1=H. R. |last2=Blume|first2=S. B.}}</ref> In recent years the use of SOGS has declined due to a number of criticisms, including that it overestimates [[false positive]]s (Battersby, Tolchard, Thomas & Esterman, 2002).

The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria presented as a checklist is an alternative to SOGS, it focuses on the psychological motivations underpinning problem gambling and was developed by the American Psychiatric Association. It consists of ten diagnostic criteria. One frequently used screening measure based upon the DSM-IV criteria is the National Opinion Research Center DSM Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS). The Canadian Problem Gambling Inventory (CPGI) and the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS) are newer assessment measures. The Problem Gambling Severity Index, which focuses on the harms associated with problem gambling, is composed of nine items from the longer CPGI.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Centre for Addiction and Mental Health |url=http://www.problemgambling.ca/EN/ResourcesForProfessionals/pages/problemgamblingseverityindexpgsi.aspx |title=Problem Gambling Severity Index PGSI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222223745/http://www.problemgambling.ca/EN/ResourcesForProfessionals/pages/problemgamblingseverityindexpgsi.aspx |archive-date=22 February 2010 |url-status=dead |website=ProblemGambling.ca}}</ref> The VGS is also harm based and includes 15 items. The VGS has proven validity and reliability in population studies as well as Adolescents and clinic gamblers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}