Editing Prosthesis (section)

===Lower extremity modern history===
[[File:A Visit To the Artificial Limbs Factory, Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton, November 1941 D5731.jpg|thumbnail|left|An artificial limbs factory in 1941]]
After the Second World War, a team at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] including [[James Foort]] and C.W. Radcliff helped to develop the quadrilateral socket by developing a jig fitting system for amputations above the knee. Socket technology for lower extremity limbs saw a further revolution during the 1980s when John Sabolich C.P.O., invented the Contoured Adducted Trochanteric-Controlled Alignment Method (CATCAM) socket, later to evolve into the Sabolich Socket. He followed the direction of Ivan Long and Ossur Christensen as they developed alternatives to the quadrilateral socket, which in turn followed the open ended plug socket, created from wood.<ref name="Long">{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Ivan A. |title=Normal Shape-Normal Alignment (NSNA) Above-Knee Prosthesis |via= O&P Virtual Library |journal=Clinical Prosthetics & Orthotics |year=1985 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=9–14 |url=http://www.oandplibrary.org/cpo/1985_04_009.asp }}</ref> The advancement was due to the difference in the socket to patient contact model. Prior to this, sockets were made in the shape of a square shape with no specialized containment for muscular tissue. New designs thus help to lock in the bony anatomy, locking it into place and distributing the weight evenly over the existing limb as well as the musculature of the patient. Ischial containment is well known and used today by many prosthetist to help in patient care. Variations of the ischial containment socket thus exists and each socket is tailored to the specific needs of the patient. Others who contributed to socket development and changes over the years include Tim Staats, Chris Hoyt, and Frank Gottschalk. Gottschalk disputed the efficacy of the CAT-CAM socket- insisting the surgical procedure done by the amputation surgeon was most important to prepare the amputee for good use of a prosthesis of any type socket design.<ref name="Gottschalk-Kourosh-Stills">{{cite journal |last1=Gottschalk |first1=Frank A. |last2=Kourosh |first2=Sohrab |last3=Stills |first3=Melvin |last4=McClellan |first4=Bruce |last5=Roberts |first5=Jim |title=Does Socket Configuration Influence the Position of the Femur in Above-Knee Amputation? |journal=Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics |date=October 1989 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=94 |doi=10.1097/00008526-198910000-00009 }}</ref>

The first microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees became available in the early 1990s. The Intelligent Prosthesis was the first commercially available microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee. It was released by Chas. A. Blatchford & Sons, Ltd., of Great Britain, in 1993 and made walking with the prosthesis feel and look more natural.<ref>[http://www.blatchford.co.uk/about/company-history/ "Blatchford Company History"], Blatchford Group.</ref> An improved version was released in 1995 by the name Intelligent Prosthesis Plus. Blatchford released another prosthesis, the Adaptive Prosthesis, in 1998. The Adaptive Prosthesis utilized hydraulic controls, pneumatic controls, and a microprocessor to provide the amputee with a gait that was more responsive to changes in walking speed. Cost analysis reveals that a sophisticated above-knee prosthesis will be about $1&nbsp;million in 45 years, given only annual cost of living adjustments.<ref name=PikeAlvin/>

In 2019, a project under AT2030 was launched in which bespoke sockets are made using a thermoplastic, rather than through a plaster cast. This is faster to do and significantly less expensive. The sockets were called Amparo Confidence sockets.<ref>[https://www.disabilityinnovation.com/gdi-community/blog/one-small-step-for-an-amputee-and-a-giant-leap-for-amparo-and-gdi-hub One small step for an amputee and a giant leap for Amparo and GDI Hub]</ref><ref>[https://www.disabilityinnovation.com/research/changing-prosthetic-service-delivery-with-amparo Changing Prosthetic Service Delivery with Amparo]</ref>