Editing Pyrethroid (section)

==Resistance==
{{further|Insecticide resistance}}
The use of pyrethroids as insecticides has led to the development of widespread resistance to them among some insect populations, especially mosquitoes.<ref name="Jeran-et-al-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Jeran | first1=Nina | last2=Grdiša | first2=Martina | last3=Varga | first3=Filip | last4=Šatović | first4=Zlatko | last5=Liber | first5=Zlatko | last6=Dabić | first6=Dario | last7=Biošić | first7=Martina | title=Pyrethrin from Dalmatian pyrethrum (''Tanacetum cinerariifolium''/Trevir./Sch. Bip.): biosynthesis, biological activity, methods of extraction and determination | journal=[[Phytochemistry Reviews]] | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]| volume=20 | issue=5 | date=2020-10-06 | issn=1568-7767 | doi=10.1007/s11101-020-09724-2 | pages=875–905| s2cid=225152789|id=[[Phytochemical Society of Europe]]+[[Phytochemical Society of North America]]. MG [[ORCID]]: [http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-4851 0000-0002-4584-4851])}}</ref>

Pyrethroids have been used against bedbugs, but resistant populations have developed to them.<ref name="JAMA2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/jama.2009.405 |pmid=19336711 |title=Bed Bugs ''Cimex lectularius'' and Clinical Consequences of Their Bites |journal=[[JAMA]]|volume=301 |issue=13 |pages=1358–66 |year=2009 |last1=Goddard |first1=Jerome |last2=Deshazo |first2=R |doi-access= }}</ref><ref name="Kolb2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01246.x |pmid=19580578 |title=Bedbugs |journal=[[Dermatologic Therapy]]|volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=347–52 |year=2009 |last1=Kolb |first1=Adam |last2=Needham |first2=Glen R |last3=Neyman |first3=Kimberly M |last4=High |first4=Whitney A |s2cid=221648188 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="voiland">Voiland, Adam.  [http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/070708/16bedbug.htm "You May not be Alone"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107010535/http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/070708/16bedbug.htm |date=2011-11-07 }} U.S. News & World Report 16 July 2007, Vol. 143, Issue 2, p53–54.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[1092:BAMAOD]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=19058634 |year=2008 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=1092–101 |title=Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Deltamethrin Resistance in the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) |journal=[[Journal of Medical Entomology]]|last1=Yoon |first1=Kyong Sup |last2=Kwon |first2=Deok Ho |last3=Strycharz |first3=Joseph P |last4=Hollingsworth |first4=Craig S |last5=Lee |first5=Si Hyeock |last6=Clark |first6=J. Marshall |doi-broken-date=16 January 2025 |s2cid=27422270 }}</ref> Populations of [[diamondback moth]]s have also commonly developed resistance to pyrethroids<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leibee|first1=Gary L.|last2=Savage|first2=Kenneth E.|year=1992|title=Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Diamondback Moth and Cabbage Looper in Cabbage in Central Florida with Observations on Insecticide Resistance in the Diamondback Moth|journal=The Florida Entomologist|volume=75|issue=4|pages=585|doi=10.2307/3496140|issn=0015-4040|jstor=3496140}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2022}} {{endash}} including in U.S. states [[North Dakota]]<ref name="NDSUExt">{{cite web | title=Pyrethroid Complaints for Diamondback Moth Control in Canola (08/26/21) | website=[[NDSU Extension|NDSU Agriculture and Extension]] | date=2021-08-26 | url=http://www.ag.ndsu.edu:8000/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/crop-pest-report/entomology/pyrethroid-complaints-diamondback-moth | access-date=2022-01-08 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and [[Wisconsin]]<ref name="WiscHortDBM">{{cite web | last=Marsden | first=Christy | title=Diamondback Moth | website=[[Wisconsin Horticulture]] | date=2021-10-15 | url=http://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/diamondback-moth/ | access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref> while pyrethroids are still recommended in [[California]].<ref name="UCANRDBM">{{cite web | url=http://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/floriculture-and-ornamental-nurseries/Diamondback-moth/ | title=Diamondback Moth - Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries Pest Management Guidelines | website=[[University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources]] (UCANR)}}</ref> Various mosquito populations have been discovered to have a high level of resistance, including ''[[Anopheles gambiae sensu lato|Anopheles gambiae s.l.]]'' in [[West Africa]] by Chandre et al 1999 through Pwalia et al 2019, ''[[Anopheles arabiensis|A. arabiensis]]'' in [[Sudan]] by Ismail et al 2018 and [[The Gambia]] by Opondo et al 2019, and ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' in [[South East Asia]] by Amelia-Yap et al 2018, [[Papua New Guinea]] by Demok et al 2019, and various other locations by Smith et al 2016.<ref name="Jeran-et-al-2020" />

{{Vanchor|[[Knockdown resistance]]|knockdown resistance|kdr}} (''kdr'') is one of the stronger kinds of resistance.<ref name="Molecular" /> ''kdr'' [[mutation]]s confer [[target-site resistance]] to [[DDT]] and pyrethroids and [[cross-resistance]] to DDT.<ref name="Molecular" /> Most ''kdr'' mutations are within or proximate to the two arthropod [[sodium channel]] genes.<ref name="Molecular">{{cite journal|year=2014|publisher=[[Elsevier BV]]|pages=1–17|first8=Boris|first7=Kristopher|volume=50|first6=Lingxin|first5=Peng|first4=Yoshiko|first3=Frank|first2=Yuzhe|first1=Ke|last8=Zhorov|last7=Silver|last6=Wang|last5=Xu|last4=Nomura|last3=Rinkevich|last2=Du|last1=Dong|journal=[[Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]]|issn=0965-1748|id=[[NIHMSID]]: 582398|s2cid=6332754|pmc=4484874|pmid=24704279|doi=10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.03.012|title=Molecular biology of insect sodium channels and pyrethroid resistance|bibcode=2014IBMB...50....1D }}</ref>