Editing Right to privacy (section)

=== China ===
The Constitution is the highest law in China. Privacy rights have been applied throughout China.<ref>Wang, Hao. ''Protecting Privacy in China: A Research on China's Privacy Standards and the Possibility of Establishing the Right to Privacy and the Information Privacy Protection Legislation in Modern China''. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011. Print.</ref> The Constitution provides direction for all states in China and it further stipulates that "all states must abide by and be held accountable for any violation of the Constitution and the law; the law specifically protects civil rights of a citizen's personal dignity and confidentiality of correspondence."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Horsley|first=Jamie P.|date=29 January 2021|title=How will China's privacy law apply to the Chinese state?|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-will-chinas-privacy-law-apply-to-the-chinese-state/|access-date=15 July 2021|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref> China has a new standard and the first of its kind for the country coming into effect 1 January 2021, the Civil Code is the first of its kind sweeping law replacing all laws covering general provisions, real property, contracts, personality rights, marriage and family, inheritance, tort liability, and supplementary provisions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The adoption of the Chinese Civil Code and its implications on contracts relating to China {{!}} Perspectives {{!}} Reed Smith LLP|url=https://www.reedsmith.com:443/en/perspectives/2020/06/the-adoption-of-the-chinese-civil-code-and-its-implications-on-contracts|access-date=16 July 2021|website=www.reedsmith.com|language=en}}</ref>

In many cases raised in the legal system, these rights have been overlooked as the courts have not treated each case with the same legal precedent for each case.  China deploys [[mass surveillance in China|mass surveillance]] on its population including through the use of [[closed-circuit television]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The world's biggest surveillance system is growing—and so is the backlash |url=https://fortune.com/2020/11/03/china-surveillance-system-backlash-worlds-largest/ |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

The 2021 [[Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China|Data Security Law]] classifies data into different categories and establishes corresponding levels of protection.<ref name=":Zhang">{{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Angela Huyue |title=High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197682258}}</ref>{{Rp|page=131}} It imposes significant data localization requirements, in a response to the extraterritorial reach of the United States [[CLOUD Act]] or similar foreign laws.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|pages=250-251}}

The 2021 [[Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China|Personal Information Protection Law]] is China's first comprehensive law on personal data rights and is modeled after the European Union's [[General Data Protection Regulation]].<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=131}}