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Rockhopper penguin
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==Conservation== Although the rockhopper penguin is one of the world's most numerous penguin populations, it is estimated that the population declined by some 30 percent over the final 30 years of the 20th century.<ref name="NatGeo"/> The cause of this decline is mainly unknown, but scientists have speculated that humans are involved, mostly by commercial overfishing, oil exploitation, and pollution.<ref name="NatGeo"/> Recent research has shown that rockhopper penguin population declines with changes in ocean surface temperature, indicating a direct impact from climate change.<ref name="Dehnhard, N. 2013">Dehnhard, N., Poisbleau, M., Demongin, L., Ludynia, K., Lecoq, M., Masello, J., & Quillfeldt, P. (2013). Survival of rockhopper penguins in times of global climate change. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 23(5), 777-789. Retrieved October 23, 2014, from Wiley Online Library.</ref> These activities have depleted much of the rockhopper penguin's food supply and raised the [[sea surface temperature]]s, and because this species is geographically isolated to the tip of South America and the Falkland Islands and is very sensitive to food web changes, there is little foreseeable opportunity for the penguins to recover.<ref name="Dehnhard, N. 2013"/><ref>Hilton, G., Thompson, D., Sagar, P., Cuthbert, R., Cheryl, Y., & Bury, S. (2006). A stable isotopic investigation into the causes of decline in a sub-Antarctic predator, the rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome. Global Change Biology, 2006(12), 611-625. Retrieved October 23, 2014, from Web of Science.</ref> === Oil spills === An oil spill followed the grounding of the [[MS Oliva|MS ''Oliva'']] off Nightingale Island in 2011, which resulted in thousands of Rockhopper penguins becoming oiled. Oil spills have [[List of oil spills impacting penguins|impacted many penguin species]] since the conversion of shipping from sail and coal propulsion to liquid-based fuels in the early 20th century.
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