Editing Rosary (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of the Rosary}}
[[File:An Egyptian Rosary with a Coptic Cross, 2010.JPG|thumb|An Egyptian, Coptic-style rosary featuring an extra [[Coptic Catholic Church|Coptic]] crucifix]]

Knotted [[prayer rope]]s were used in [[early Christianity]]; the [[Desert Fathers]] are said to have created the first such, using knots to keep track of the number of times they said the [[Jesus prayer]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXL8CwAAQBAJ&q=%22desert+fathers%22+%22Knotted+prayer+ropes+%22|title=Linking Your Beads: The Rosary's History, Mysteries, Prayers|last=Kasten|first=Patricia Ann|date=2011|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor|isbn=978-1612785424|language=en}}</ref> or the 150 [[psalms]].<ref name="jmcdermott">{{cite web |last1=McDermott |first1=Jim |title=I'm a priest who never had a devotion to the rosary. So I decided to dig into its meaning. |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2021/10/29/rosary-catholic-dominican-241734 |website=America Magazine |publisher=America Press Inc |access-date=25 September 2022 |language=en |date=29 October 2021}}</ref>

According to pious tradition, the concept of the Rosary was given to [[Saint Dominic|Dominic of Osma]] in an apparition of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] during the year 1214 (1208?<ref>[[Saint Dominic]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2025}}) in the church of [[Prouille]], though in fact it was known from the ninth century in various forms. This Marian apparition received the title of [[Our Lady of the Rosary]].<ref name="autogenerated6">Beebe, Catherine, ''St. Dominic and the Rosary'' {{ISBN|0-89870-518-5}}{{page needed|date=April 2020}}</ref>

According to [[Herbert Thurston]], it is certain that in the course of the twelfth century and before the birth of Dominic, the practice of reciting the ''Ave Maria'' 50 or 150 times had become generally familiar.  According to 20th century editions of the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', the story of Dominic's devotion to the Rosary and supposed apparition of Our Lady of the Rosary does not appear in any documents of the Catholic Church or the [[Dominican Order|Order of Preachers]] (Dominicans) prior to the writings of the Dominican [[Alanus de Rupe]] (also Alan de la Roche), some 250 years after Dominic.<ref name=Thurston>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13184b.htm| title = Thurston, Herbert, and Andrew Shipman. "The Rosary." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 7 Oct. 2014}}</ref> However, recent scholarship by Donald H. Calloway seeks to refute this claim.<ref>{{cite book |last=Calloway | first=Donald |title=Champions of the Rosary |date=2016 |pages=43–50 |publisher=[[Marian Press]] |isbn=978-1596143432 |url=https://www.ignatius.com/Products/COR-P/champions-of-the-rosary.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813031100/http://www.ignatius.com/Products/COR-P/champions-of-the-rosary.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

Leonard Foley said that although Mary's giving the Rosary to Dominic is recognized as a legend, the development of this prayer form owes much to the Order of Preachers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1161 |title=Foley, Leonard O.F.M., "Our Lady of the Rosary", ''Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast'', (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108040926/http://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1161 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Mary is attributed to [[Dominic of Prussia]] (1382–1460), a [[Carthusian]] [[monk]] who termed it "Life of Jesus Rosary".<ref name=Rosenkranz/> The German monk from [[Trier]] added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys, using quotes from [[Bible|scripture]] (which at that time followed the name "Jesus," before the intercessory ending was added during the [[Counter-Reformation]]).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01246a.htm| title = McNicholas, J.T. "Alanus de Rupe". ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907.}}</ref> In 1569, the papal bull ''[[Consueverunt Romani Pontifices]]'' by the Dominican [[Pope Pius V]] officially established the devotion to the Rosary in the Catholic Church.<ref>Scaperlanda, Maria Ruiz. ''The Seeker's Guide to Mary'', 2002 {{ISBN|0-8294-1489-4}} p. 151</ref>

From the 16th to the early 20th century, the structure of the Rosary remained essentially unchanged.<ref name="Thurston" /> There were 15 mysteries, one for each of the 15 decades. According to [[John Henry Newman]], Mariology is always Christocentric.<ref>Testa, Michael Testa, ''Mary: The Virgin Mary in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman'', 2001</ref> During the 20th century, the addition of the [[Fatima Prayer]] to the end of each decade became common. There were no other changes until 2002, when [[John Paul II]] suggested the five optional Luminous Mysteries; variations of these had previously been proposed by [[George Preca]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Formosa|first=John|date=2004|title=Dun Gorg - San Gorg Preca|url=http://www.freewebs.com/museumstjulians/dungorgsangorgpreca.htm|work=Museum San Giljan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729115215/http://www.freewebs.com/museumstjulians/dungorgsangorgpreca.htm|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Pieces of Rosary history … all linked to Malta |url=https://aleteia.org/2021/10/07/3-pieces-of-rosary-history-to-know-all-linked-to-malta |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Probable Origin of the Mysteries of Light - Catholic Christian Article |url=https://www.catholicplanet.com/articles/article76.htm |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.catholicplanet.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |date=2019-08-09 |title=Why the Luminous Mysteries of the Rosary? |url=https://catholicheartandmind.com/2019/08/08/why-the-luminous-mysteries-of-the-rosary/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Catholic Heart and Mind |language=en}}</ref> and were implemented during the mid-20th century by figures such as [[Patrick Peyton]].

===Devotional growth===
[[File:Our Lady of Lourdes - Grotto of Lourdes - Lourdes 2014.JPG|thumb|right|[[Our Lady of Lourdes]] appearing at [[Lourdes]] with rosary beads]]

Through the preaching of de Rupe, Rosary [[Confraternity|confraternities]] began to be erected shortly before 1475.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13188b.htm Thurston, Herbert. "Confraternity of the Holy Rosary." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 3 January 2015]</ref>

When [[Penal Laws against Irish Catholics|Penal Laws]] in Ireland restricted or banned the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], the Rosary became a substitute prayer ritual within private homes.{{sfn|McNicholas|1917|p=343}} During the 18th century, de Montfort elaborated on the importance of the rosary and emphasized that it should be prayed with attention, devotion, and modesty (reverence).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.montfort.org.uk/Writings/Rosary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327085157/http://www.montfort.org.uk/Writings/Rosary.html|url-status=dead|title=De Montfort, St. Louis-Marie. Secret of the Rosary, Forty-Fourth Rose (paragraph 127)|archive-date=27 March 2008}}</ref>

In Brazil, two million men engage in a movement called {{lang|pt|[[Terço dos Homens]]}} ("Men's Rosary").<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ourladyofaparecida.org/rosary-prayer-groups | title=Men's Rosary Group Terço dos homens }}</ref> It consists of weekly meetings to pray a set of mysteries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbb.org.br/cresce-o-terco-dos-homens-no-brasil/ | title=Cresce o Terço dos Homens no Brasil - CNBB | date=23 April 2018 }}</ref> In neighboring Hispanic countries, the movement is called {{lang|es|Rosario de Hombres Valientes}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.schoenstatt.org/es/en-salida/2017/04/el-rosario-de-hombres-valientes-un-fenomeno-cada-vez-mas-fuerte-en-paraguay/|title=El Rosario de Hombres Valientes – un fenómeno cada vez más fuerte en Paraguay | date=9 April 2017 }}</ref>

The theologian [[Romano Guardini]] described the Catholic emphasis on the Rosary as "participation in the life of Mary, whose focus was Christ."<ref name=Rosenkranz>Rosenkranz, A Heinz. Marienlexikon, Eos, St. Ottilien, 1993, p.555, {{isbn|9783880968905}}</ref> This opinion was expressed earlier by Leo XIII who considered the rosary a way to accompany Mary in her contemplation of Christ.<ref name="autogenerated3">Encyclical Jucunda Semper 8.9.1894 quoted in Marienlexikon,Eos St. Ottilien, 1988 42</ref>