Editing Rust (section)

=== Coatings and painting ===
{{main|Rustproofing}}
[[Image:Flaking paint on rusting metal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Flaking paint, exposing a patch of surface rust on sheet metal]]

Rust formation can be controlled with coatings, such as [[paint]], [[lacquer]], [[varnish]], or wax tapes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trentoncorp.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/20000e_trenton_corporation_wax-tape_systems_brochure_rev10.pdf |title=Wax-Tape Anticorrosion Wrap Systems |publisher=Trenton Corporation |access-date=2018-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092310/https://trentoncorp.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/20000e_trenton_corporation_wax-tape_systems_brochure_rev10.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 }}</ref> that isolate the iron from the environment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schweitzer |first=Philip A |url=http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9780849382451 |title=Corrosion engineering handbook. |date=2007 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8246-8 |location=Boca Raton |language=English |oclc=137248977}}</ref> Large structures with enclosed box sections, such as ships and modern automobiles, often have a wax-based product (technically a "slushing oil") injected into these sections. Such treatments usually also contain rust inhibitors. Covering steel with concrete can provide some protection to steel because of the [[alkaline]] [[pH]] environment at the steel–concrete interface. However, rusting of steel in concrete can still be a problem, as expanding rust can fracture concrete from within.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corrosion of Embedded Metals |url=https://www.cement.org/learn/concrete-technology/durability/corrosion-of-embedded-materials |website=cement.org |publisher=Portland Cement Association |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rust Wedge: Expanding rust is a force strong enough to shatter concrete |url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/rust-wedge |website=exploratorium.edu |date=17 April 2018 |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref>

As a closely related example, iron clamps were used to join [[marble]] blocks during a restoration attempt of the [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens, Greece]], in 1898, but caused extensive damage to the marble by the rusting and swelling of unprotected iron. The ancient Greek builders had used a similar fastening system for the marble blocks during construction, however, they also poured molten [[lead]] over the iron joints for protection from seismic shocks as well as from corrosion. This method was successful for the 2500-year-old structure, but in less than a century the crude repairs were in imminent danger of collapse.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hadingham |first1=Evan |title=Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unlocking-mysteries-of-the-parthenon-16621015/ |website=smithsonianmag.com |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref>
When only temporary protection is needed for storage or transport, a thin layer of oil, grease or a special mixture such as [[Cosmoline]] can be applied to an iron surface. Such treatments are extensively used when "[[Reserve fleet|mothballing]]" a steel ship, automobile, or other equipment for long-term storage.

Special anti-seize lubricant mixtures are available and are applied to metallic threads and other precision machined surfaces to protect them from rust. These compounds usually contain grease mixed with copper, zinc, or aluminium powder, and other proprietary ingredients.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-seize Compounds Information |url=https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/materials_chemicals_adhesives/industrial_oils_fluids/anti_seize_compounds |website=globalspec.com |publisher=Engineering 360 |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref>