Editing Santorini (section)

=== Greek War of Independence ===
As part of its plans to foment a [[Greek War of Independence|revolt against the Ottoman Empire and gain Greek Independence]], [[Alexander Ypsilantis|Alexandros Ypsilantis]], the head of the [[Filiki Eteria]] in early 1821, dispatched Dimitrios Themelis from Patmos and Evangelis Matzarakis ( –1824), a sea captain from Kefalonia who had Santorini connections to establish a network of supporters in the Cyclades.<ref name=Mazower>{{cite book |last=Mazower |first=Mark |title=The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe |publisher=Allen Lane |date=2021 |pages=144, 148, 157–160 |type=Hardback |isbn=978-0-241-00410-4}}</ref> As his authority,{{Clarify|reason=What does "as his authority" mean?|date=August 2022}} Matzarakis had a letter from Ypsilantis (dated 29 December 1820) addressed to the notables of Santorini and the Orthodox [[metropolitan bishop]] Zacharias Kyriakos (served 1814–1842). At the time, the population of Santorini was divided between those who supported independence, and (particularly among the Catholics and non-Orthodox) those who were ambivalent or distrustful of a revolt being directed by [[Hydra (island)|Hydra]] and [[Spetses]] or were fearful of the sultan's revenge. While the island didn't come out in direct support of the revolt, {{Clarify span|they did send 100 barrels of wine to the Greek fleet as well in April 1821,|Does this clause begin a list?|date=August 2022}} 71 sailors, a priest and the [[presbyter]] Nikolaos Dekazas, to serve on the Spetsiote fleet.<ref name= ThiraMayor />

Because of the lack of majority support for direct participation in the revolt, it was necessary for Matzarakis to enlist the aid of Kefalonians living in Santorini to, on 5 May 1821<ref name= ThiraMayor /> (the feast day of the patron saint of the island), raise the flag of the revolution and then expel the Ottoman officials from the island.<ref name= Mazower /> The [[First Hellenic Republic|Provisional Administration of Greece]] organized the Aegean islands into six provinces, one of which was Santorini and appointed Matzarakis its governor in April 1822.<ref name="AD">{{cite web |date=1983 |title=Σφραγιδες Ελευθεριας 1821–1832: Σφραγίδες Κοινοτήτων – Μοναστηρίων Προσωρινής Διοικήσεως τής Ελλάδος' Ελληνικής Πολιτείας |trans-title=Seals of Freedom 1821–1832: Seals of Communities – Monasteries of Provisional Administration of Greece, Greek State |url=http://www.apostoliki-diakonia.gr/gr_main/catehism/theologia_zoi/category_lib/Afieromata/Eikosiena/text1821/%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82%20%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%201821-1832,%20%CF%83%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82%20%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD-%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029135416/https://apostoliki-diakonia.gr/gr_main/catehism/theologia_zoi/category_lib/Afieromata/Eikosiena/text1821/%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82%20%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%201821-1832,%20%CF%83%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82%20%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD-%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2022 |accessdate=20 March 2022 |publisher=Historical and Ethnologica' Society of Greece |pages=43, 44}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Μαντζαράκης Ευαγγέλης: (Μαντζοράκης, Μαντσαράκης Γλυκούδης, Ματζαράκης Ευάγγελος) |trans-title=Mantzarakis Evangelis: (Mantzorakis, Mantsarakis Glykoudis, Matzarakis Evangelos) |publisher=Foundation of the Greek Parliament for Parliamentarism and Democracy |date= |url=https://representatives1821.gr/%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82/ |accessdate=20 March 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129130705/https://representatives1821.gr/%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82/ |url-status=live}}</ref> While he was able to raise a large amount of money (double that collected on Naxos), he was soon found to lack the diplomatic skills needed to convince the islanders who had enjoyed considerable autonomy to now accept direction from a central authority and contribute tax revenue to it. He claimed to his superiors that the islanders needed "political re-education" as they did not understand why they had to pay higher taxes than those levied under the Ottomans in order to support the struggle for independence. The hostility against the taxes caused many of the tax collectors to resign.

Things were also not helped by the governor's authoritarian character, arbitrariness and arrests of prominent islanders losing him the support of Zacharias Kyriakos, who had initially supported Matzarakis. In retaliation Matzarakis accused him of being a "Turkophile" and had the archbishop imprisoned and then exiled him. The abbots of the monasteries, the priests and the prelates, complained to [[Demetrios Ypsilantis]], president of the [[First National Assembly at Epidaurus|National Assembly]].

Matzarakis soon had to hire bodyguards as the island descended into open revolt against him.<ref name= Mazower /> Fearful for his life Matzarakis later fled the island,<ref name= Mazower /> and was dismissed from his governorship by Demetrios Ypsilantis. Mazarakis however later represented Santorini in the National Assembly and following his death was succeeded in that position in November 1824 by Pantoleon Augerino.

Once they heard of [[Chios massacre|massacres]] of the Greek population of [[Chios]] in April 1822, many islanders became fearful of [[Massacres during the Greek War of Independence|Ottoman reprisals]], with two villages stating they were prepared to surrender,<ref name= Mazower /> though sixteen monks from the Monastery of Profitis Ilias, led by their abbot Gerasimos Mavrommatis declared in writing their support for the revolt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Η Ιερά Μονή Προφήτου Ηλιού Θήρας |date=31 October 2021 |trans-title=The Holy Monastery of Profitos Ilios Thira |publisher=Ιερά Μονή Προφήτου Ηλιού Θήρας |url=https://www.aparchi.net/i-moni/ |accessdate=22 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307115838/https://www.aparchi.net/i-moni/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Four commissioners for the Aegean islands (among them, Benjamin of Lesvos and Konstantinos Metaxas) appointed by the Provisional Administration of Greece arrived in July 1822 to investigate the issues on Santorini. The commissioners were uncompromising in their support for Matzarakis. With news from Chios fresh in their minds the island's notables eventually arrested Metaxas, with the intention of handing him over to the Ottomans in order to prove their loyalty. He was rescued by his Ionian guards.

Matters became so heated that Antonios Barbarigos ( –1824) who had been serving in the [[First National Assembly at Epidaurus]] since 20 January 1820 was seriously wounded in the head by a knife attack on Santorini in October 1822 during a dispute between the factions. In early 1823, the [[Second National Assembly at Astros]], imposed a contribution of 90,000 grosis on Santorini to fund the fight for independence, while in 1836 they also had to contribute in 1826 to the obligatory loan of 190,000 grosis imposed on the Cyclades.<ref name= Rssing1 />
[[File:Santorin – L'échelle de Phira - Baud-bovy Daniel Boissonnas Frédéric - 1919.jpg|thumb|Fira Skala Port in 1919]]
In decree 573 issued by the National Assembly 17 May 1823, Santorini was recognized as one of 15 provinces in the Greek controlled Aegean (nine in the Cyclades and six in the Sporades).<ref name=AD />

The island became part of the fledgling Greek state under the London Protocol of 3 February 1830, rebelled against the government of [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]] in 1831, and became definitively part of the independent [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|Kingdom of Greece]] in 1832, with the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1832)|Treaty of Constantinople]].<ref name="EI2" />

Santorini joined an insurrection that had broken out in Nafplio on 1 February 1862 against the rule of King Otto of Greece. However, the royal authorities was able to quickly restore control and the revolt had been suppressed by 20 March of that year. However, the unrest arose again later in the year which lead to the [[23 October 1862 Revolution]] and the overthrow of King Otto.