Editing Self-proclaimed monarchy (section)

=== China ===
[[Hong Xiuquan]] proclaimed himself the leader of the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] during the [[Taiping Rebellion]] in 1851.

In 1915, the president of [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[Yuan Shikai]], declared a [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|restoration of the Chinese monarchy]], with himself as emperor. The plan failed, and he was [[National Protection War|forced to step down]].<ref name="ROCannals">Kuo T'ing-i et al. ''Historical Annals of the ROC (1911–1949).'' Vol 1. pp 207–241.</ref>

Since then, there have been repeated attempts by individuals to declare themselves Chinese emperor or empress. In the 1920s and 1930s, there were several peasant rebels who declared themselves members of [[House of Zhu]] and tried to restore the [[Ming dynasty]], such as the self-proclaimed emperors "Chu the Ninth" (1919–1922, backed by the [[Yellow Sand Society|Yellow Way Society]]), "Wang the Sixth" (1924),{{sfnp|Perry|1980|p=159}} and Chu Hung-teng (1925, backed by the [[Heavenly Gate Society]]).{{sfnp|Tai|1985|p=68}} In course of the [[Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926)]], a former farm worker and rebel leader named Yuan declared himself the "[[Jade Emperor]]".{{sfnp|Chesneaux|1972|p=12}} Following the [[Chinese Civil War]], there have been hundreds of monarchist pretenders who oppose the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and often gathered small groups of supporters. Notable self-proclaimed monarchs include: Li Zhu, declared a new dynasty in 1954;{{sfnp|Smith|2015|p=358}} Song Yiufang, leader of the Nine Palaces Way (crowned by his followers after sneaking into the [[Forbidden City]] in 1961);{{sfnp|Smith|2015|p=358}} Yang Xuehua, empress of the Heavenly Palace Sect (arrested in 1976 and executed after allegedly planning a rebellion); Chao Yuhua, empress of the "Great Sage Dynasty" (crowned in 1988 in a factory);{{sfnp|Smith|2015|p=355}} Tu Nanting, ex-soldier and emperor (believed in his emperorship after reading several books on prophecies, the arcane, and morals);{{sfnp|Smith|2015|p=357}} Yang Zhaogong who attempted to establish a new dynasty with alleged backing of [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCCPC]] members.{{sfnp|Smith|2015|pp=357–358}} In general, these self-proclaimed monarchs were not very successful and quickly arrested by security forces.{{sfnp|Smith|2015|pp=357–358}} However, one self-proclaimed emperor, [[Li Guangchang]], organized a large sect of supporters and factually governed a small territory in [[Cangnan County]], called the "Zishen Nation", from 1981 to 1986 in ''de facto'' independence from China. He was eventually arrested, reportedly after attempting to organize a wider rebellion.{{sfnp|Smith|2015|p=358}}