Editing Shell (projectile) (section)

==Other shell types==
[[File:Carcass shell.jpg|thumb|left|Drawing of a [[Carcass (projectile)|carcass shell]]]]
A variety of fillings have been used in shells throughout history. An incendiary shell was invented by Valturio in 1460. The [[Carcass (projectile)|carcass shell]] was first used by the French under [[Louis XIV of France|Louis&nbsp;XIV]] in 1672.<ref>[[Nicolas Édouard Delabarre-Duparcq]] and [[George Washington Cullum]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/elementsofmilita00labarich Elements of Military Art and History]''. 1863. p.&nbsp;142.</ref> Initially in the shape of an [[Rectangle|oblong]] in an iron frame (with poor ballistic properties) it evolved into a spherical shell. Their use continued well into the 19th century.

A modern version of the incendiary shell was developed in 1857 by the British and was known as ''Martin's shell'' after its inventor. The shell was filled with molten iron and was intended to break up on impact with an enemy ship, splashing molten iron on the target. It was used by the Royal Navy between 1860 and 1869, replacing [[heated shot]] as an anti-ship, incendiary projectile.<ref name="Jobson2016">{{cite book |author=Philip Jobson |title=Royal Artillery Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations: Historical and Modern |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmX0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT346 |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-8007-4}}</ref>

Two patterns of incendiary shell were used by the British in World War&nbsp;I, one designed for use against Zeppelins.<ref>Hogg, pp. 171–174.</ref>

Similar to incendiary shells were star shells, designed for illumination rather than arson. Sometimes called lightballs they were in use from the 17th&nbsp;century onwards. The British adopted parachute lightballs in 1866 for 10-, 8- and 5{{frac|1|2}}-inch calibers. The 10-inch was not officially declared obsolete until 1920.<ref name="Hogg pg 174 - 176">Hogg, pp. 174–176.</ref>

Smoke balls also date back to the 17th century, British ones contained a mix of saltpetre, coal, pitch, tar, resin, sawdust, crude antimony and sulphur. They produced a "noisome smoke in abundance that is impossible to bear". In 19th-century British service, they were made of concentric paper with a thickness about 1/15th of the total diameter and filled with powder, saltpeter, pitch, coal and tallow. They were used to 'suffocate or expel the enemy in casemates, mines or between decks; for concealing operations; and as signals.<ref name="Hogg pg 174 - 176"/>

During the [[First World War]], [[shrapnel shell]]s and explosive shells inflicted terrible casualties on infantry, accounting for nearly 70% of all war casualties and leading to the adoption of steel [[combat helmet]]s on both sides. Frequent problems with shells led to many military disasters with [[dud]] shells, most notably during the 1916 [[Battle of the Somme]]. Shells filled with poison [[gas (chemical warfare)|gas]] were used from 1917 onwards.