Editing Shining Path (section)

=== Use of violence ===
Although the reliability of reports regarding the Shining Path's actions remains a matter of controversy in Peru, the organization's use of violence is well documented. According to [[InSight Crime]], Shining Path would kill their opponents "with assassinations, bombings, [[beheadings]] and massacres" as well as "[[stoning]] victims to death.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" />

The Shining Path rejected the concept of human rights; a Shining Path document stated:
{{blockquote|text=We start by not ascribing to either the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] or the Costa Rica [[American Convention on Human Rights|Convention on Human Rights]], but we have used their legal devices to unmask and denounce the old Peruvian state... For us, human rights are contradictory to the rights of the people, because we base rights in man as a social product, not man as an abstract with innate rights. "Human rights" do not exist except for the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] man, a position that was at the forefront of [[feudalism]], like [[Liberté, égalité, fraternité|liberty, equality, and fraternity]] were advanced for the bourgeoisie of the past. But today, since the appearance of the [[proletariat]] as an organized class in the Communist Party, with the experience of triumphant revolutions, with the construction of socialism, new democracy and the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], it has been proven that human rights serve the oppressor class and the exploiters who run the [[imperialist]] and landowner-bureaucratic states. Bourgeois states in general... Our position is very clear. We reject and condemn human rights because they are bourgeois, reactionary, counterrevolutionary rights, and are today a weapon of revisionists and imperialists, principally [[Yankee]] imperialists.|author=Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path|source=''Sobre las Dos Colinas''<ref>Communist Party of Peru. "Sobre las Dos Colinas" [http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas3.htm Part 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114214002/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas3.htm |date=14 November 2006}} and [http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas5.htm Part 5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901112526/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas5.htm |date=1 September 2006}} available online. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>}}

After the collapse of the Fujimori government, interim President [[Valentín Paniagua]] established a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] to investigate the conflict. The Commission found in its 2003 ''Final Report'' that 69,280 people died or [[Forced disappearance|disappeared]] between 1980 and 2000 as a result of the armed conflict.<ref name="CVRdead">Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf Annex 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204001340/http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf|date=4 February 2007}} Page 17. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref> The Shining Path was found to be responsible for about 54% of the deaths and disappearances reported to the commission.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20I/Primera%20Parte%20El%20Proceso-Los%20hechos-Las%20v%EDctimas/Seccion%20Primera-Panorama%20General/3.%20LOS%20ROSTROS%20Y%20PERFILES%20DE%20LA%20VIOLENCIA.pdf Book I Part I] Page 186. Retrieved 14 January 2008</ref> A statistical analysis of the available data led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to estimate that the Shining Path was responsible for the death or disappearance of 31,331 people, 46% of the total deaths and disappearances.<ref name="CVRdead" /> According to a summary of the report by [[Human Rights Watch]], "Shining Path{{nbsp}}... killed about half the victims, and roughly one-third died at the hands of government security forces{{nbsp}}... The commission attributed some of the other slayings to a smaller guerrilla group and local militias. The rest remain unattributed."<ref>Human Rights Watch. 28 August 2003. [https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2003/08/28/peru-prosecutions-should-follow-truth-commission-report "Peru – Prosecutions Should Follow Truth Commission Report"]. Retrieved 21 April 2009.</ref> The MRTA was held responsible for 1.5% of the deaths.<ref>Laura Puertas, Inter Press Service. 29 August 2003. [http://www.oneworld.net/article/view/66920/1/ Peru: 20 Years of Bloodshed and Death"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321152630/http://www.oneworld.net/article/view/66920/1/|date=21 March 2004}}. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate", and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Silvio|date=1 January 2019|title=Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=2053168018820375|doi=10.1177/2053168018820375|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Silvio|date=1 April 2019|title=A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=2053168019840972|doi=10.1177/2053168019840972|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref> The TRC later came out to respond to these statements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manrique-Vallier |first1=Daniel |last2=Ball |first2=Patrick |date=January 2019 |title=Reality and risk: A refutation of S. Rendón's analysis of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission's conflict mortality study |language=en |volume=6 |pages=205316801983562 |doi=10.1177/2053168019835628 |issn=2053-1680 |doi-access=free |number=1 |periodical=Research & Politics}}</ref>

==== Allegations of violence against LGBT people ====
The Shining Path has been accused of [[violence against LGBT people]]. Between 1989 and 1992, the Shining Path and the MRTA killed up to 500 "non-heterosexual" people.<ref>artículo en el sitio web ''Actitud Gay Magazine'' (Buenos Aires) del 21 de mayo de 2007. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref> According to one woman who was kidnapped by the Shining Path in 1981, a homosexual man's penis was cut into pieces before he was murdered. The Peruvian government did not reveal the name of the victim. The Shining Path defended its actions by saying that LGBT individuals were not killed because of their sexual identity, instead, they were killed because of their "collaboration with the police."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121111074121/http://www.m-x.com.mx/2012-02-27/movimiento-homosexual-peruano-pide-un-castigo-contra-lider-de-sendero-luminoso-por-muerte-de-500-gays-y-travestis/ «El Movimiento Homosexual Peruano pide un castigo contra el líder de Sendero Luminoso por la muerte de 500 gays y travestis»], artículo en el sitio web M-X. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref><ref>[http://gpuc-guds.blogspot.com/2010/05/los-homosexuales-y-sendero-luminoso.html «Los homosexuales y Sendero Luminoso»], artículo en el sitio web GPUC (Grupo Universitario por la Diversidad Sexual). Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref>

The Shining Path has denied such allegations, stating, "It is probable that the PCP has executed a homosexual, but rest assured that it was not done because of their sexual orientation but because of their position against the revolution... Our view is that homosexual orientation is not an ideological matter but one of individual preference... Party membership is open to all those who support the cause of communist revolution and the principles of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, Gonzalo Thought, regardless of what their sexual preferences may be."<ref>{{Cite web |title=PCP Responds to Allegations of Gay Persecution |url=https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/1994/mar/15/pcp-responds-to-allegations-of-gay-persecution/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=www.prisonlegalnews.org}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2022}}

==== Women in the Shining Path ====
The number of women involved in the armed struggle remained high throughout the war, participating at almost all logistical, military and strategic levels as militants, guerrilla commanders and top party leaders of the organisation. The high proportion of women was a given and desired from the outset; the success of the internal Peruvian revolution was explicitly made dependent on the participation of women. Up to forty per cent of the guerrillas were women, and there were countless "ladies of death" who led military commandos. In 1992, at least eight of the nineteen members of the Central Committee were women, including three of the five members of the Politburo, and in 1980 more than a third of the women arrested had a degree. In criminal proceedings against senderista in 1987, the majority were women. The Shining Path was the first guerrilla organisation to incorporate women on a completely equal military footing with its male members, actively recruiting women on a large scale and appointing them to leading positions.<ref>Nathaniel C. Nash: Shining Path Women: So Many and So Furios.. Lima Journal, Abschnitt A. The New York Times, New York. 22 September 1992.</ref>

The Movimiento Femenino Popular (MFP) group was officially formed in 1974 from the merger of two groups, the Centro Femenino Popular and the Frente Femenino Universitario. The "MFP Manifiesto" traces the origins of the group back to the mid-1960s, when female students and academics began to organise their own groups and factions in other student organisations and to reflect on revolution and "the thesis of the great Lenin on the participation of women and the success of a revolution" from 1968 onwards. During these years, more and more women were studying and trying to enter the labour market. The percentage of women at university in Ayacucho was particularly high: in 1968, 30% of students were women, mainly in the departments of obstetrics and social and educational services. The unequal access to work and education exacerbated the differences between classes and between rural and urban populations, especially within the female population. Women became increasingly involved and organised in various movements as an expression of their protest and frustration.<ref>Jaymie Patricia Heilman: "Family Ties: The Political Genealogy of Shining Path's Comrade Norah". ''Bulletin of Latin American Research'', Vol. 29. 1. April 2010, 155–169.</ref> So much so, that by the year 1990, women held eight of the nineteen Central Committee positions. This was more involvement from women than any of the other leftist movements in Peru. Women in Peru even acknowledge the Shining Path movement as a step-away from the male-dominated societies that are renowned in many parts of Latin America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Starn |first=Orin |date=1995 |title=Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the Refusal of History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/158120 |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=399–421 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X00010804 |jstor=158120 |issn=0022-216X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This was far different than what has been seen before the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Peruvian Truth]] was revealed. Many women were joining the armed forces to obtain basic rights and securities. Despite many arrests and incarcerations of women, this time period revolutionized women's rights in Peru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boutron |first1=Camille |last2=Constant |first2=Chloé |date=2013 |title=Gendering Transnational Criminality: The Case of Women's Imprisonment in Peru |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670827 |journal=Signs |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=177–195 |doi=10.1086/670827 |jstor=10.1086/670827 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref>