Editing Social model of disability (section)

== As an identity ==
In the late 20th century and early 21st century, the social model of disability became a dominant feature of [[Identity (social science)|identities]] for disabled people in the UK.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shakespeare |first1=Tom |last2=Watson |first2=Nicholas |title=Defending the Social Model |journal=Disability & Society |date=April 1997 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=293–300 |doi=10.1080/09687599727380 }}</ref> Under the social model of disability, a disability identity is created by "the presence of impairment, the experience of disablism and self- identification as a disabled person."<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=110}}

The social model of disability implies that attempts to change, "fix", or "cure" individuals, especially when used against the wishes of the individual, can be discriminatory and prejudiced. This attitude, which may be seen as stemming from a medical model and a subjective value system, can harm the self-esteem and social inclusion of those constantly subjected to it (e.g. being told they are not as good or valuable, in an overall and core sense, as others). Some communities have actively resisted "treatments", while, for example, defending a unique culture or set of abilities. In the Deaf community, sign language is valued even if most people do not know it, and some parents argue against [[cochlear implant |cochlear implants]] for deaf infants who cannot consent to them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Amelia |date=2019 |title=Hear Me Out |journal=Missouri Medicine |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=469–471 |issn=0026-6620 |pmc=6913847 |pmid=31911722}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2021}} [[Autistic]] people may say that their "unusual" behavior, which they say can serve an important purpose to them, should not have to be [[Autistic masking|suppressed to please others]]. They argue instead for acceptance of [[neurodiversity]] and accommodation to different needs and goals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Seidel |first=Kathleen |url=http://www.neurodiversity.com/autistic_distinction.html |title=the autistic distinction |work=neurodiversity.com |date=2004-08-20 |access-date=2012-11-10 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018104420/http://www.neurodiversity.com/autistic_distinction.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some people diagnosed with a [[mental disorder]] argue that they are just different and do not necessarily conform. The [[biopsychosocial model]] of disease/disability is an attempt by practitioners to address this.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=G. |title=The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine |journal=Science |date=8 April 1977 |volume=196 |issue=4286 |pages=129–136 |doi=10.1126/science.847460 |pmid=847460 |bibcode=1977Sci...196..129E }}</ref>

The label "neurodiversity" has been used by various mental-disability rights advocates within the context of the social model of disability.<ref name="Bloomsbury2">{{Cite book|last=Chapman|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PV95DwAAQBAJ|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Psychiatry|date=2019-01-10|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781350024069|editor-last=Tekin|editor-first=Serife|pages=371–387|language=en|chapter=Neurodiversity Theory and Its Discontents: Autism, Schizophrenia, and the Social Model of Disability|editor-last2=Bluhm|editor-first2=Robyn|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PV95DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA371|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719160012/https://books.google.com/books?id=PV95DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The label, originally associated with autism, has been applied to other neurodevelopmental conditions or neurodivergences, such as [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[Speech disorder|developmental speech disorders]], [[dyslexia]], [[dysgraphia]], [[Developmental coordination disorder|dyspraxia]], [[dyscalculia]], [[Anomic aphasia|dysnomia]], [[intellectual disability]], and [[Tourette syndrome]],<ref name="Woodford">Woodford, Gillian. [http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/04_30/3_patients_practice05_8.html 'We Don't Need to be Cured' Autistics Say] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202254/http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/04_30/3_patients_practice05_8.html|date=2016-03-03}}. National Review of Medicine. Volume 3. No. 8. 30 April 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2008.</ref><ref name="Mackenzie 2011-01-31">{{cite journal|last=Mackenzie|first=Robin|author2=John Watts|date=2011-01-31|title=Is our legal, health care and social support infrastructure neurodiverse enough? How far are the aims of the neurodiversity movement fulfilled for those diagnosed with cognitive disability and learning disability?|journal=Tizard Learning Disability Review|volume=16|issue=1|pages=30–37|doi=10.5042/tldr.2011.0005|quote=We recommend, therefore, that the term neurodiverse include the conditions ASD, ADHD, OCD, language disorders, developmental coordination disorder, dyslexia and Tourette's syndrome.}}</ref> as well as [[schizophrenia]],<ref name="Bloomsbury2"/><ref>Morrice, Polly (29 January 2006) [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/books/review/29morrice.html "Otherwise Minded"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913033836/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/books/review/otherwise-minded.html |date=13 September 2017 }} ''The New York Times'', review of ''A Mind Apart: Travels in a Neurodiverse World''</ref> [[bipolar disorder]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singer|first=Judy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox_7uQEACAAJ|title=NeuroDiversity: The Birth of an Idea|date=2016-06-03|publisher=[[Judy Singer]]|isbn=978-0648154709|language=en|quote=There is much greater community awareness of neurological "tribes" like the autistic, ADHD, or bipolar. We increasingly see these manifestations of diversity in terms of their gifts and challenges rather than their drawbacks.|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719160051/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox_7uQEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and some mental health conditions such as [[schizoaffective disorder]], [[antisocial personality disorder]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anton|first1=Audrey L.|year=2013|title=The Virtue of Sociopaths: how to appreciate the neurodiversity of sociopathy without becoming a victim|url=https://www.academia.edu/2034622|journal=Ethics and Neurodiversity|access-date=2015-08-02|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210222329/https://www.academia.edu/2034622/The_Virtue_of_Sociopaths_how_to_appreciate_the_neurodiversity_of_sociopathy_without_becoming_a_victim|url-status=live}}</ref> dissociative disorders, and [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=Thomas|date=April 2015|title=The Myth of the Normal Brain: Embracing Neurodiversity|url=http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2015/04/msoc1-1504.html|journal=AMA Journal of Ethics|volume=17|issue=4|pages=348–352|doi=10.1001/journalofethics.2015.17.4.msoc1-1504|pmid=25901703|access-date=2015-08-05|doi-access=free|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624082820/http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2015/04/msoc1-1504.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The social model itself implies that neurodivergent people are living behind barriers that inhibit participation in everyday life. Language associated with warfare such as "battling" or "combatting" is thus replaced with language that de-pathologizes neurodivergence. Advocates for a social model of disability argue instead that neurodivergence should be looked at through the lens of societal or relational models of disability.<ref name=":2" />

The social model implies that practices such as [[eugenics]] are founded on social values and a prejudiced understanding of the potential and value of those labeled disabled. "Over 200,000 disabled people were some of the earlier victims of the [[Holocaust]], after Communists, other political enemies, and homosexuals."<ref name=":4">[http://www.eastrenfrewshire.gov.uk/holocaust/holocaust_remembrance_2004_-_other_victims/holocaust_remembrance_2004_-_disabled___the_holocaust.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417064037/http://www.eastrenfrewshire.gov.uk/holocaust/holocaust_remembrance_2004_-_other_victims/holocaust_remembrance_2004_-_disabled___the_holocaust.htm|date=17 April 2009}}</ref>

A 1986 article stated:<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brisenden|first=Simon|title=Independent Living and the Medical Model of Disability|journal=Disability, Handicap & Society|date=1 January 1986|volume=1|issue=2|pages=173–178|doi=10.1080/02674648666780171}}</ref>{{blockquote|It is important that we do not allow ourselves to be dismissed as if we all come under this one great metaphysical category 'the disabled'. The effect of this is a depersonalization, a sweeping dismissal of our individuality, and a denial of our right to be seen as people with our own uniqueness, rather than as the anonymous constituents of a category or group. These words that lump us all together – 'the disabled', 'spina bifida', 'tetraplegic', 'muscular dystrophy', – are nothing more than terminological rubbish bins into which all the important things about us as people get thrown away.}}