Editing Solfège (section)

===Fixed do solfège===
[[File:French keyboard.png|right|250px|thumb|The names of the notes in Romance languages.]]

In ''Fixed do'', each syllable always corresponds to the same pitch; when the music changes keys, each syllable continues to refer to the same sound (in the absolute sense) as it did before. This is analogous to the Romance-language system naming pitches after the solfège syllables, and is used in Romance and Slavic countries, among others, including Spanish-speaking countries.

From the [[Italian Renaissance]], the debate over the superiority of instrumental music versus singing led Italian voice teachers to use Guido’s syllables for vocal technique rather than pitch discrimination. Hence, specific syllables were associated with fixed pitches. When the [[Paris Conservatoire]] was founded at the turn of the nineteenth century, its solfège textbooks adhered to the conventions of Italian solfeggio, solidifying the use of ''Fixed doh'' in Romance cultures<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Andrew |title=Identity, Relationships, and Function in Higher Music Education: Applying an Analogy from Ear Training to Student Wellbeing |journal=International Journal of Music, Health, and Wellbeing |date=2 October 2024 |volume=2024 |issue=Autumn |page=4 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.13882200}}</ref>

In the major [[Romance languages|Romance]] and [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages, the syllables Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, and Si are the ordinary names of the notes, in the same way that the letters C, D, E, F, G, A, and B are used to name notes in English. For native speakers of these languages, solfège is simply ''singing the names of the notes'', omitting any modifiers such as "sharp" or "flat" to preserve the rhythm. This system is called '''fixed do''' and is used in [[Belgium]], Brazil, Spain, [[Portugal]], France, Italy, [[Romania]], Latin American countries and in French-speaking Canada as well as countries such as [[Russia]], [[Turkey]], [[Ukraine]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Israel]] where non-Romance languages are spoken. In the United States, the fixed-do system is taught at many conservatories and schools of music including The [[Juilliard School]] in New York City, the [[Curtis Institute]] of Music in Philadelphia, the [[Eastman School of Music]] in Rochester, New York, the [[New England Conservatory of Music]] in Boston, Massachusetts, the [[San Francisco Conservatory of Music|San Francisco Conservatory]] of Music in San Francisco, California, and the [[Cleveland Institute of Music]] in Cleveland, Ohio.

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:0.2em auto;text-align:center"
|+Traditional fixed do<ref name="Demorest">
{{Cite book
  |last      = Demorest
  |first     = Steven M.
  |title     = Building Choral Excellence: Teaching Sight-Singing in the Choral Rehearsal
  |url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=8zAIcx-t2koC&pg=PA46
  |year      = 2001
  |publisher = Oxford University Press
  |location  = New York
  |isbn      = 978-0-19-512462-0
  |page      = 46
}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
!colspan="2"|Note name
!rowspan="2"|Syllable
!colspan="2"|Pronunciation
!rowspan="2"|[[Pitch class|Pitch <br/>class]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! ''English'' !! ''[[Romance languages|Romance]]''
! ''[[Anglicisation|Anglicized]]'' !! ''Italian''
|-
|style="border-top-width:2px"|[[C♭ (musical note)|C{{music|flat}}]]
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Do{{music|flat}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|do
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/doʊ/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/dɔ/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|11
|-
|'''[[C (musical note)|C]]'''||'''Do'''||0
|-
|[[C♯ (musical note)|C{{music|sharp}}]]||Do{{music|sharp}}||1
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|style="border-top-width:2px"|[[D♭ (musical note)|D{{music|flat}}]]
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Re{{music|flat}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|re
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/ɹeɪ/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/rɛ/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|1
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|'''[[D (musical note)|D]]'''||'''Re'''||2
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[D♯ (musical note)|D{{music|sharp}}]]||Re{{music|sharp}}||3
|-
|style="border-top-width:2px"|[[E♭ (musical note)|E{{music|flat}}]]
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Mi{{music|flat}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|mi
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/miː/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/mi/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|3
|-
|'''[[E (musical note)|E]]'''||'''Mi'''||4
|-
|[[E♯ (musical note)|E{{music|sharp}}]]||Mi{{music|sharp}}||5
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|style="border-top-width:2px"|[[F♭ (musical note)|F{{music|flat}}]]
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Fa{{music|flat}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|fa
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/fɑː/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/fa/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|4
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|'''[[F (musical note)|F]]'''||'''Fa'''||5
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[F♯ (musical note)|F{{music|sharp}}]]||Fa{{music|sharp}}||6
|-
|style="border-top-width:2px"|[[G♭ (musical note)|G{{music|flat}}]]
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Sol{{music|flat}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|sol
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/soʊl/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/sɔl/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|6
|-
|'''[[G (musical note)|G]]'''||'''Sol'''||7
|-
|[[G♯ (musical note)|G{{music|sharp}}]]||Sol{{music|sharp}}||8
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|style="border-top-width:2px"|[[A♭ (musical note)|A{{music|flat}}]]
|style="border-top-width:2px"|La{{music|flat}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|la
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/lɑː/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/la/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|8
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|'''[[A (musical note)|A]]'''||'''La'''||9
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[A♯ (musical note)|A{{music|sharp}}]]||La{{music|sharp}}||10
|-
|style="border-top-width:2px"|[[B♭ (musical note)|B{{music|flat}}]]
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Si{{music|flat}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|si
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/siː/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="3"|{{IPA|/si/}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|10
|-
|'''[[B (musical note)|B]]'''||'''Si'''||11
|-
|[[B♯ (musical note)|B{{music|sharp}}]]||Si{{music|sharp}}||0
|}

In the fixed do system, shown above, accidentals do not affect the syllables used. For example, C, C{{music|sharp}}, and C{{music|flat}} (as well as {{nowrap|C{{music|doublesharp}}}} and {{nowrap|C{{music|doubleflat}}}}, not shown above) are all sung with the syllable "do".

====Chromatic variants====
Several chromatic fixed-do systems have also been devised to account for [[chromatic notes]], and even for [[double-sharp]] and [[double-flat]] variants. The [[Yehnian]] system, being the first [[24-EDO]] (i.e., quarter tone) solfège system, proposed even quartertonal syllables. While having no exceptions to its rules, it supports both si and ti users.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chromatic variants of fixed do
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!colspan="2"|Note name
! colspan="8" |Syllable
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! ''English'' !! ''[[Romance languages|Romance]]''
! ''Traditional''<br><ref name="Demorest" />
! ''{{nowrap|5 sharps, }}{{nowrap|5 flats}}''<br><ref name="Demorest"/><ref>
{{Cite book
  |last1     = Benjamin
  |first1    = Thomas
  |last2     = Horvit
  |first2    = Michael
  |last3     = Nelson
  |first3    = Robert
  |title     = Music for Sight Singing
  |edition   = 4th
  |year      = 2005
  |publisher = Thompson Schirmer
  |location  = Belmont, CA
  |isbn      = 978-0-534-62802-4
  |pages     = x–xi
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite book
  |last      = White
  |first     = John D.
  |title     = Guidelines for College Teaching of Music Theory
  |url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=eGZRT6WYQDQC&pg=PA34
  |edition   = 2nd
  |year      = 2002
  |publisher = Scarecrow Press
  |location  = Lanham, MD
  |isbn      = 978-0-8108-4129-1
  |page      = 34
}}</ref>
! ''Hullah''<br><ref name="Hullah">
{{Cite book
  |last       = Hullah
  |first      = John
  |author-link = John Pyke Hullah
  |title      = Hullah's Method of Teaching Singing
  |url        = https://archive.org/details/hullahsmethodte00hullgoog
  |edition    = 2nd
  |year       = 1880
  |publisher  = Longmans, Green and Co.
  |location   = London
  |pages      = xi–xv
  |isbn       = 0-86314-042-4
}}</ref>
! ''Shearer''<br><ref name="Shearer">
{{Cite book
  |last      = Shearer
  |first     = Aaron
  |author-link = Aaron Shearer
  |title     = Learning the Classical Guitar, Part 2: Reading and Memorizing Music
  |url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=gzI7056gnZ4C&pg=PA209
  |year      = 1990
  |publisher = Mel Bay
  |location  = Pacific, MO
  |isbn      = 978-0-87166-855-4
  |page      = 209
}}</ref>
! ''Siler''<br><ref name="Siler">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3343838 | journal = Journal of Research in Music Education | year = 1956 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | title = Toward an International Solfeggio | pages = 40–43 | last1 = Siler | first1 = H.| jstor = 3343838 | s2cid = 146618023 }}</ref>
! ''Latoni''<br><ref name="Latoni">{{Cite book | title = Das mathematisch-reine Tonsystem | author = Carl Eitz | year = 1891}}</ref>
! ''Yehnian (chromatic)''
(Si users / Ti users)''<ref name="Yehnian Solfège">
{{cite web|last=Yeh|first=Huai-Jan|date=12 February 2021|title=Yehnian Solfège / 葉氏唱名 / Solfeggio Yehniano|url=https://renoyeh.wixsite.com/notes/post/yehnian-solf%C3%A8ge-solfeggio-yehniano-%E8%91%89%E6%B0%8F%E5%94%B1%E5%90%8D|access-date=1 March 2021|website=Reno's Music Notes|quote=...&nbsp;The Yehnian Solfège is an intuitive, easily adoptable, and professionally capable quartertonal solfège system&nbsp;...}}</ref>''
! ''Pitch Class''
|-
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|C{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|Do{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="5"|do
|style="border-top-width:2px"|–
|style="border-top-width:2px"|duf
|style="border-top-width:2px"|daw
|style="border-top-width:2px"|du
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Ka
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Dɚ
|style="border-top-width:2px"|10
|-
|[[C♭ (musical note)|C{{music|flat}}]]||Do{{music|flat}}
|–||du||de||do||Ne||Də||11
|-
|'''[[C (musical note)|C]]'''||'''Do'''
|do||do||do||da||Bi||Do||0
|-
|[[C♯ (musical note)|C{{music|sharp}}]]||Do{{music|sharp}}
|di||da||di||de||Ro||Du||1
|-
|{{nowrap|C{{music|doublesharp}}}}||{{nowrap|Do{{music|doublesharp}}}}
|–||das||dai||di||Tu||Dü||2
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|D{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|Re{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="5"|re
|style="border-top-width:2px"|–
|style="border-top-width:2px"|raf
|style="border-top-width:2px"|raw
|style="border-top-width:2px"|ru
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Be
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Rɚ
|style="border-top-width:2px"|0
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[D♭ (musical note)|D{{music|flat}}]]||Re{{music|flat}}
|ra||ra||ra||ro||Ri||Rə||1
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|'''[[D (musical note)|D]]'''||'''Re'''
|re||re||re||ra||To||Re||2
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[D♯ (musical note)|D{{music|sharp}}]]||Re{{music|sharp}}
|ri||ri||ri||re||Mu||Ru||3
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|{{nowrap|D{{music|doublesharp}}}}||{{nowrap|Re{{music|doublesharp}}}}
|–||ris||rai||ri||Ga||Rü||4
|-
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|E{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|Mi{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="5"|mi
|style="border-top-width:2px"|–
|style="border-top-width:2px"|mef
|style="border-top-width:2px"|maw
|style="border-top-width:2px"|mu
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Ti
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Mɚ
|style="border-top-width:2px"|2
|-
|[[E♭ (musical note)|E{{music|flat}}]]||Mi{{music|flat}}
|me||me||me||mo||Mo||Mə||3
|-
|'''[[E (musical note)|E]]'''||'''Mi'''
|mi||mi||mi||ma||Gu||Mi||4
|-
|[[E♯ (musical note)|E{{music|sharp}}]]||Mi{{music|sharp}}
|–||mis||mai||me||Sa||Mu||5
|-
|{{nowrap|E{{music|doublesharp}}}}||{{nowrap|Mi{{music|doublesharp}}}}
|–||mish||–||mi||Pe||Mi||6
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|F{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|Fa{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="5"|fa
|style="border-top-width:2px"|–
|style="border-top-width:2px"|fof
|style="border-top-width:2px"|faw
|style="border-top-width:2px"|fu
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Mi
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Fɚ
|style="border-top-width:2px"|3
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[F♭ (musical note)|F{{music|flat}}]]||Fa{{music|flat}}
|–||fo||fe||fo||Go||Fə||4
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|'''[[F (musical note)|F]]'''||'''Fa'''
|fa||fa||fa||fa||Su||Fa||5
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[F♯ (musical note)|F{{music|sharp}}]]||Fa{{music|sharp}}
|fi||fe||fi||fe||Pa||Fu||6
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|{{nowrap|F{{music|doublesharp}}}}||{{nowrap|Fa{{music|doublesharp}}}}
|–||fes||fai||fi||Le||Fü||7
|-
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|G{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|Sol{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="5"|sol
|style="border-top-width:2px"|–
|style="border-top-width:2px"|sulf
|style="border-top-width:2px"|saw
|style="border-top-width:2px"|su
|style="border-top-width:2px"|So
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Sɚl / Sɚ
|style="border-top-width:2px"|5
|-
|[[G♭ (musical note)|G{{music|flat}}]]||Sol{{music|flat}}
|se||sul||se||so||Pu||Səl / Sə||6
|-
|'''[[G (musical note)|G]]'''||'''Sol'''
|sol||sol||so||sa||La||Sol||7
|-
|[[G♯ (musical note)|G{{music|sharp}}]]||Sol{{music|sharp}}
|si||sal||si||se||De||Sul / Su||8
|-
|{{nowrap|G{{music|doublesharp}}}}||{{nowrap|Sol{{music|doublesharp}}}}
|–||sals||sai||si||Fi||Sül / Sü||9
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|A{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|La{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="5"|la
|style="border-top-width:2px"|–
|style="border-top-width:2px"|lof
|style="border-top-width:2px"|law
|style="border-top-width:2px"|lu
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Lu
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Lɚ
|style="border-top-width:2px"|7
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[A♭ (musical note)|A{{music|flat}}]]||La{{music|flat}}
|le||lo||le||lo||Da||Lə||8
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|'''[[A (musical note)|A]]'''||'''La'''
|la||la||la||la||Fe||La||9
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|[[A♯ (musical note)|A{{music|sharp}}]]||La{{music|sharp}}
|li||le||li||le||Ki||Lu||10
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
|{{nowrap|A{{music|doublesharp}}}}||{{nowrap|La{{music|doublesharp}}}}
|–||les||lai||li||No||Lü||11
|-
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|B{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px"|{{nowrap|Si{{music|doubleflat}}}}
|style="border-top-width:2px" rowspan="5"|si
|style="border-top-width:2px"|–
|style="border-top-width:2px"|sef
|style="border-top-width:2px"|taw
|style="border-top-width:2px"|tu
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Fa
|style="border-top-width:2px"|Sɚ / Tɚ
|style="border-top-width:2px"|9
|-
|[[B♭ (musical note)|B{{music|flat}}]]||Si{{music|flat}}
|te||se||te||to||Ke||Sə / Tə||10
|-
|'''[[B (musical note)|B]]'''||'''Si'''
|ti||si||ti||ta||Ni||Si / Ti||11
|-
|[[B♯ (musical note)|B{{music|sharp}}]]||Si{{music|sharp}}
|–||sis||tai||te||Bo||Su / Tu||0
|-
|{{nowrap|B{{music|doublesharp}}}}||{{nowrap|Si{{music|doublesharp}}}}
|–||sish||–||ti||Ru||Sü / Tü||1
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
| colspan="13" style="border-top-width:2px" |''A dash ("–") means that the source(s) did not specify a syllable.''
|}