Editing Soukous (section)

==== Colombia ====
During this epoch, African music began procuring popularity globally due to the world music movement. In [[Colombia]], soukous made inroads into the local culture, contributing to the development of [[champeta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malandra |first=Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2nbDwAAQBAJ&dq=congolese+in+colombia+champeta&pg=PT60 |title=Moon Cartagena & Colombia's Caribbean Coast |publisher=Avalon Publishing |date=December 2020 |isbn=9781640499416 |location=New York City, New York State, United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Utpc5-zDBqAC |title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Africa; South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean; The United States and Canada; Europe; Oceania |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |editor-last=Koskoff |editor-first=Ellen |location=Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom |pages=185}}</ref> In the third chapter of the documentary ''Pasos de la Cumbia'', Lucas Silva, a DJ and cultural producer specializing in African music, recounts how [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] purchased a plane in Colombia.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |last=Akindes |first=Simon Adetona |date=20 September 2022 |title=The "Caribbeanization" of Afrobeat in Colombia |url=https://africasacountry.com/2023/09/the-caribbeanization-of-afrobeat-in-colombia |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Documentary series - Pasos de Cumbia |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRjmZTr5CUMsSry3F7q_nqF74yFNH7aRs#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPasos%20de%20Cumbia%E2%80%9D%20es%20una,a%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica,%20espec%C3%ADficamente%20a%20Colombia. |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en |publication-place=San Bruno, California, United States}}</ref> When it required maintenance, a Colombian mechanic traveled to Zaire, returning with a collection of 45 rpm records, including the iconic ''El Mambote'' by l'Orchestre Veve, which became a hit.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":84"/> Other 45 rpm records soon flooded [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] and [[Barranquilla]].<ref name=":30" /> 

In the article "''Champeta is Liberation''"'': The Indestructible Sound System Culture of Afro-Colombia'', journalist April Clare Welsh observes, "When 'música Africana' swept the region during the '70s and '80s, sound systems were instrumental in forging a collective diasporic identity for [[Afro-Colombians]] in a society deeply divided by race and class".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welsh |first=April Clare |date=21 August 2016 |title="Champeta is liberation": The indestructible sound system culture of Afro-Colombia |url=https://www.factmag.com/2016/08/21/champeta-colombia-sound-system-music-lucas-silva-palenque/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[Fact (UK magazine)|Fact]] |language=en-US |publication-place=London, England, United Kingdom}}</ref> African musicians like [[Kanda Bongo Man]], [[Nico Kasanda|Nicolas Kasanda wa Mikalay]], [[Diblo Dibala]], Ikenga Super Stars of Africa, [[M'bilia Bel]], and [[Mahlathini]] and the [[Mahotella Queens]] became local celebrities, forging a "pan-African connection that was, at the time, largely unknown to many Africans within the continent".<ref name=":30" /> Local musicians began replicating the arrangements of Congolese artists like Nicolas Kasanda wa Mikalay, [[Tabu Ley Rochereau]], M'bilia Bel, [[Syran Mbenza]], Lokassa Ya M'Bongo, [[Pépé Kallé]], Rémy Sahlomon, and Kanda Bongo Man.<ref name=":73" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Russ |date=17 January 2020 |title=Colombia's African Soul |url=https://longlivevinyl.net/2020/01/17/colombias-african-soul/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Long Live Vinyl}}</ref><ref name=":84" /> Homegrown musicians such as Viviano Torres, Luis Towers, and Charles King became renowned for this.<ref name=":73" /> This movement led to the creation of champeta, a genre rooted in "soukous guitars, bass, drumming, and dance".<ref name=":30" /> Due to its overtly sensual dance moves and its association with the "Black Below", champeta was derided by the [[White Colombians|white]] [[Social class in Colombia|upper classes]].<ref name=":30" /> However, for Afro-Colombians, it was an assertion of their cultural identity and resilience.<ref name=":30" /> DJs often renamed African songs with Spanish titles, composed champetas in the [[Palenquero|Palenque]] language (a creole fusion of Spanish and [[Bantu languages]] such as [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] and [[Lingala]]), or phonetically distorted the original names.<ref name=":30" /> For instance, Mbilia Bel's "Mobali Na Ngai Wana" became known in Colombia as "La Bollona". Champeta emerged as a new marker of Black identity along Colombia's western coast and evolved from a peripheral genre to a mainstream national phenomenon.<ref name=":30" /> During the [[Super Bowl LIV halftime show]] on 2 February 2020, at [[Hard Rock Stadium]] in Miami Gardens, Florida, [[Shakira]] danced to Syran Mbenza's "Icha", a song colloquially referred to as "El Sebastián" in Colombia, which spawned the #ChampetaChallenge on social media platforms worldwide.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |last=Mwamba |first=Bibi |date=7 February 2022 |title=L'influence de la rumba congolaise sur la scène musicale mondiale |trans-title=The influence of Congolese rumba on the world music scene |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/linfluence-de-la-rumba-congolaise-sur-la-scene-musicale-mondiale |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Music in Africa |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2 February 2020 |title=Shakira Brought Afro-Colombian Dance to the Super Bowl |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/shakira-afro-colombian-dance-champeta-to-the-super-bowl-performance/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=[[OkayAfrica]]}}</ref>