Editing Star and crescent (section)

====Christian and classical heraldric usage====
{{further information|Crescent (heraldry)|Star (heraldry)|Sun (heraldry)}}
The [[crescent (heraldry)|crescent]] on its own is used in western heraldry from at least the 13th century, while the star and crescent (or "Sun and Moon") emblem is in use in medieval seals at least from the late 12th century.
The crescent in pellet symbol is used in [[Crusader coins]] of the 12th century, in some cases duplicated in the four corners of a cross, as a variant of the cross-and-crosslets ("[[Jerusalem cross]]").<ref>In the 12th century found on pennies of [[William the Lion]] (r. 1174&ndash;1195).
William Till, ''An Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny'' (1838), [https://archive.org/details/anessayonromand00tillgoog/page/n88 p. 73].
E.g. "Rev: short cross with crescent and pellets in angles and +RAVLD[ ] legend for the moneyer Raul Derling at Berwick or Roxburgh mint" ([http://www.timelineauctions.com/lot/scotland-william-the-lion-raul-derling-crescent-and-pellets-penny/17359/ timelineauctions.com]).
Seaby SE5025 "Rev. [+RAV]L ON ROC, short cross with crescents & pellets in quarters" ([http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/SE/SE5025.html wildwinds.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116111651/http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/SE/SE5025.html |date=16 November 2019 }}).</ref>
Many Crusader seals and coins show the crescent and the star (or blazing Sun) on either side of the ruler's head (as in the Sassanid tradition), e.g. [[Bohemond III of Antioch]], [[Richard I of England]], [[Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse]].<ref>Bohemond III of Antioch (r. 1163–1201)
"Obv. Helmeted head of king in chain-maille armor, crescent and star to sides" ([http://www.ancientresource.com/lots/medieval_crusades/crusaders_coins.html ancientresource.com])</ref> At the same time, the star in crescent is found on the obverse of Crusader coins, e.g. in coins of the [[County of Tripoli]] minted under [[Raymond II, Count of Tripoli|Raymond II]] or [[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli|III]] c. 1140s&ndash;1160s show an "eight-rayed star with pellets above crescent".<ref>"Billon denier, struck c. late 1140s{{snd}}1164. + RA[M]VNDVS COMS, cross pattée, pellet in 1st and 2nd quarters / CIVI[TAS T]RIPOLIS, eight-rayed star with pellets above crescent. ref: CCS 6–8; Metcalf 509 ([http://www.ancientresource.com/lots/medieval_crusades/crusaders_coins.html ancientresource.com]).</ref>

The star and crescent combination appears in [[attributed arms]] from the early 14th century, possibly in a coat of arms of c. 1330, possibly attributed to [[John Chrysostom]],<ref>"The earliest church in the Morea to include a saint holding a shield marked by the crescent and star may be St. John Chrysostom, which has been dated on the basis of style to ca. 1300 [...]" [[Angeliki Laiou|Angeliki E. Laiou]], [[Roy P. Mottahedeh]], ''The Crusades From the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'', Dumbarton Oaks, 2001, p 278</ref>
and in the ''[[Wernigeroder Wappenbuch]]'' (late 15th century) attributed to one of the [[three Magi]], named "Balthasar of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]]".<ref>[[:File:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 021.jpg|p. 21]]; adopted by [[Virgil Solis]] in his ''[[Wappenbüchlein]]'' (1555)</ref>

Crescents (without the star) increase in popularity in early modern heraldry in Europe. ''[[Siebmachers Wappenbuch]]'' (1605) records 48 coats of arms of German families which include one or several crescents.<ref>Sara L. Uckelman, [http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/heraldry/siebmacher/siebmacherordinary.html An Ordinary of Siebmacher's Wappenbuch (ellipsis.cx)] (2014)</ref>

A star and crescent symbolizing [[Croatia]] was commonly found on 13th-century ''[[banovac]]'' coins in the [[Kingdom of Slavonia (medieval)|Kingdom of Slavonia]], with a [[two-barred cross]] symbolizing the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.hnb.hr/-/povijest-novca-u-hrvatskoj | language = hr | title = Povijest novca u Hrvatskoj, 1527. − 1941. | trans-title = History of money in Croatia, 1527 − 1941 | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-953-8013-03-4 | first = Mira | last = Kolar-Dimitrijević | format = PDF | access-date = 2022-04-16 | page = 13}}</ref>

[[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]] in Vienna used to have at the top of its highest tower a golden crescent with a star; it came to be seen as a symbol of Islam and the Ottoman enemy, which is why it was replaced with a cross in 1686.<ref name="Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften k088">{{cite web | title=Wien 1, Stephansdom, Mondschein | website=Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften | url=https://www.oeaw.ac.at/tuerkengedaechtnis/denkmaeler/ort/stephansdom-mondschein | language=de | access-date=2024-03-02}}</ref>

In the late 16th century, the [[Korenić-Neorić Armorial]] shows a white star and crescent on a red field as the coat of arms of "[[Illyrism|Illyria]]".

The star and crescent combination remains rare prior to its adoption by the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 18th century.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

<gallery class="center" heights="150" perrow="4">
File:Seal of Richard I of England.webp|Great Seal of [[Richard I of England]] (1198)<ref>Richard is depicted as seated between a crescent and a "Sun full radiant" in his second Great Seal of 1198. English heraldic tradition of the early modern period associates the star and crescent design with Richard, with his victory over [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus]] in 1192, and with the arms of [[Portsmouth]] (Francis Wise ''A Letter to Dr Mead Concerning Some Antiquities in Berkshire'', 1738, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFAGAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA18 p. 18]). Heraldic tradition also attributes a star-and-crescent [[:File:Complete Guide to Heraldry Fig680.png|badge]] to Richard (Charles Fox-Davies, ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'', 1909, p. 468).</ref>
File:Raimond6Toulouse.jpg|Equestrian seal of [[Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse]] with a star and a crescent (13th century)
File:Battle of Mohi 1241.PNG|The crescent flag ascribed to the [[Hungarians]] against the Mongol [[Golden Horde]] in the [[Battle of Mohi]], 1241.
File:BattleOfHoms1299.JPG|[[Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar]] (Battle of Homs) of 1299 (14th-century [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]])
File:Coat of arms of Cumania.svg|Historical coat of arms of [[Kunság]], where [[Cumans]] in Hungary settled, 1279.
File:Frater Robert seal templar.png|Templar seal of the 13th century, probably of the preceptor of the commanderies at Coudrie and Biais ([[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]]).<ref>Found in the 19th century at the site of the Biais commandery, in Saint-Père-en-Retz,   Loire-Atlantique, France, now in the Musée Dobré in Nantes, inv. no. 303. Philippe Josserand, "Les Templiers en Bretagne au Moyen Âge : mythes et réalités", ''Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest''  119.4 (2012),  7&ndash;33 (p.24).</ref>
File:Leliwa seal XIVw.jpg|Polish coats of arms, called [[Leliwa coat of arms|Leliwa]] (1334 seal)
File:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 021.jpg|Coats of arms of the [[Three Magi]], with "Baltasar of Tarsus" being attributed a star and crescent ''increscent'' in a blue field, ''[[Wernigerode Armorial]]'' (c. 1490)
File:Wappenbild freigrafen 1448.jpg|Coat of arms of John [[Freigraf]] of "Lesser Egypt" (i.e. [[Romani people in Germany|Romani/gypsy]]),<ref>In 15th-century Europe, it was widely assumed that the gypsies were Egyptians (hence the name ''[[Names of the Romani people#Gypsy and gipsy|gypsies]]''), and several gypsy leaders are known to have styled themselves as "counts of lesser Egypt". Wilhelm Ferdinand Bischoff, ''Deutsch-Zigeunerisches Wörterbuch'' (1827), [https://archive.org/details/deutschzigeuner00biscgoog/page/n32 p.14]</ref> 18th-century drawing of a 1498 coat of arms in [[Pforzheim]] church.
File:Krupac – Stećci (03).jpg|Depictions of stars with crescents are a common motif on the [[stećak]] 12th to 16th century tombstones of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages|medieval Bosnia]]
File:Coat of arms of the legitimate Kingdom of Bosnia.png|1668 representation by [[Joan Blaeu]] of Coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] from 1595 [[Korenić-Neorić Armorial]]
File:Coa Croatia Country Illyria History.svg|The coat of arms of "Illyria" from the [[Korenić-Neorić Armorial]] (1590s)
File:Banner of Cumania at Ferdinand II's coronation (1618).svg|Banner of [[Cumania]], used at the coronation of Ferdinand II of Hungary in 1618 and assigned to Gáspár (Caspar) Illésházy.
File:Jelacic-Gulden 1848 reverse.jpg|Star and crescent on the obverse of the Jelacic-Gulden of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]] (1848)<!--apparently related to the "Illyrian" emblem; added here pending development on modern usage.-->
File:COA-family-sv-Slatte.png|Coat of arms of the [[List of Swedish noble families|noble family]] Slatte (1625–1699) in Sweden.
File:COA family sv fi Finckenberg.png|Coat of arms of the [[List of Swedish noble families|noble family]] Finckenberg (1627–1809) in Sweden.
File:COA-family-sv-Boose.png|Coat of arms of the [[List of Swedish noble families|noble family]] Boose (1642–1727) in Sweden.
File:Flag of the Zaporizhian Sich.svg|Banner of the [[Zaporizhian Sich]] ([[Cossacks]] of Ukraine) before 1775.
File:Coa Transylvania Country History v3.svg|[[Flag and coat of arms of Transylvania|Coat of arms of Transylvania]]
</gallery>