Editing Strike action (section)

==Variations==
[[File:Unison strike rally Oxford 20060328.jpg|thumb|A rally of the trade union [[UNISON]] in [[Oxford]] during a strike in March 2006]]
[[File:Day113kstreetb.JPG|thumb|The [[2005 New York City transit strike]]]]
[[File:Õpetajate streik Tartus 2012.jpg|thumb|A teachers' strike in [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]] in front of the [[Ministry of Education and Research (Estonia)|Ministry of Education]] building, March 2012]]
[[File:Motorized-metal-strike-protest-1971.jpg|thumb|Metal workers doing motorized strike in [[Hyvinkää]], Finland in March 1971]]Most strikes are organized by [[labor unions]] during collective bargaining as a last resort. The object of collective bargaining is for the employer and the union to come to an agreement over wages, benefits, and working conditions. A collective bargaining agreement may include a clause (a contractual "no-strike clause") which prohibits the union from striking during the term of the agreement.<ref name="FeldackerHayes">{{cite book|title=Labor Guide to Labor Law|author=Bruce S. Feldacker & Michael J. Hayes|publisher=Cornell University Press|date=2014|pages=231, 244–46}}</ref> Under U.S. labor law, a strike in violation of a no-strike clause is not a [[protected concerted activity]].<ref name="FeldackerHayes" />

The scope of a no-strike clause varies; generally, the U.S. courts and [[National Labor Relations Board]] have determined that a collective bargaining agreement's no-strike clause has the same scope as the agreement's arbitration clauses, such that "the union cannot strike over an arbitrable issue."<ref name=FeldackerHayes/> The U.S. Supreme Court held in ''Jacksonville Bulk Terminals Inc. v. International Longshoremen's Association'' (1982), a case involving the [[International Longshoremen's Association]] refusing to work with goods for export to the [[Soviet Union]] in protest against its [[Soviet–Afghan War|invasion of Afghanistan]], that a no-strike clause does not bar unions from refusing to work as a political protest (since that is not an "arbitrable" issue), although such activity may lead to damages for a [[secondary boycott]].<ref name=FeldackerHayes/> Whether a no-strike clause applies to [[sympathy strikes]] depends on the context.<ref name=FeldackerHayes/> Some in the labor movement consider no-strike clauses to be an unnecessary detriment to unions in the collective bargaining process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labornotes.org/blogs/2011/12/no-strike-clauses-hold-back-unions|title=No-Strike Clauses Hold Back Unions – Labor Notes|website=labornotes.org|date=13 December 2011}}</ref>

Occasionally, workers decide to strike without the sanction of a labor union, either because the union refuses to endorse such a tactic, or because the workers involved are non-unionized. Strikes without formal union authorization are also known as [[wildcat strikes]].

In many countries, wildcat strikes do not enjoy the same legal protections as recognized union strikes, and may result in penalties for the union members who participate, or for their union. The same often applies in the case of strikes conducted without an official ballot of the union membership, as is required in some countries such as the [[United Kingdom]].

A strike may consist of workers refusing to attend work or [[picketing]] outside the workplace to prevent or dissuade people from working in their place or conducting business with their employer. Less frequently, workers may occupy the workplace, but refuse to work. This is known as a [[sit-down strike]]. A similar tactic is the [[work-in]], where employees occupy the workplace but still continue work, often without pay, which attempts to show they are still useful, or that [[worker self-management]] can be successful. For instance, this occurred with factory occupations in the ''[[Biennio Rosso]]'' strikes{{snd}}the "two red years" of Italy from 1919 to 1920.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Another unconventional tactic is [[work-to-rule]] (also known as an ''Italian strike'', in {{langx|it|Sciopero bianco}}), in which workers perform their tasks exactly as they are required to but no better. For example, workers might follow all safety regulations in such a way that it impedes their productivity or they might refuse to work [[overtime]]. Such strikes may in some cases be a form of "partial strike" or "slowdown".

During the development boom of the 1970s in Australia, the [[Green ban]] was developed by certain unions described by some as more socially conscious. This is a form of strike action taken by a trade union or other organized labor group for [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]] or conservationist purposes. This developed from the black ban, strike action taken against a particular job or employer in order to protect the economic interests of the strikers.

[[United States labor law]] also draws a distinction, in the case of private sector employers covered by the [[National Labor Relations Act]], between "economic" and "unfair labor practice" strikes. An employer may not fire, but may permanently replace, workers who engage in a strike over economic issues. On the other hand, employers who commit [[unfair labor practice]]s (ULPs) may not replace employees who strike over them, and must fire any strikebreakers they have hired as replacements in order to reinstate the striking workers.

[[File:Battle strike 1934.jpg|thumb|[[Teamsters]] wielding pipes, clash with [[riot police|armed police]] in the streets of [[Minneapolis]] during a [[Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934|1934 strike]]]]
Strikes may be specific to a particular workplace, employer, or unit within a workplace, or they may encompass an entire industry, or every worker within a city or country. Strikes that involve all workers, or a number of large and important groups of workers, in a particular community or region are known as general strikes. Under some circumstances, strikes may take place in order to put pressure on the State or other authorities or may be a response to unsafe conditions in the workplace.

A [[sympathy strike]] is a strike action in which one group of workers refuses to cross a picket line established by another as a means of supporting the striking workers. Sympathy strikes, once the norm in the construction industry in the United States, have been made much more difficult to conduct, due to decisions of the [[National Labor Relations Board]] permitting employers to establish separate or "reserved" gates for particular trades, making it an unlawful [[secondary boycott]] for a union to establish a picket line at any gate other than the one reserved for the employer it is picketing. Still, the practice continues to occur; for example, some [[Teamsters]] contracts often protect members from disciplinary action if a member refuses to cross a picket line.<ref>{{cite document |author=<!-- no author stated -->|date=2023 |title=NATIONAL MASTER UNITED PARCEL SERVICE AGREEMENT: For The Period August 1, 2023 through July 31, 2028|publisher=[[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] |page=30 |quote=It shall not be a violation of this Agreement and it shall not be cause for discharge or disciplinary action […] in the event an employee refuses to enter upon any property involved in a primary labor dispute […]}}</ref> Sympathy strikes may be undertaken by a union as an organization, or by individual union members choosing not to cross a picket line.

A [[jurisdictional strike]] in United States labor law refers to a concerted refusal to work undertaken by a union to assert its members' right to particular job assignments and to protest the assignment of disputed work to members of another union or to unorganized workers.

A [[rolling strike]] refers to a strike where only some employees in key departments or locations go on strike. These strikes are performed in order to increase stakes as negotiations draw on and to be unpredictable to the employer. Rolling strikes also serve to conserve [[strike funds]].

A [[student strike]] involves students (sometimes supported by faculty) refusing to attend classes. In some cases, the strike is intended to draw media attention to the institution so that the grievances that are causing the students to strike can be aired before the public; this usually damages the institution's (or government's) public image. In other cases, especially in government-supported institutions, the student strike can cause a budgetary imbalance and have actual economic repercussions for the institution.

A [[hunger strike]] is a deliberate refusal to eat. Hunger strikes are often used in prisons as a form of political protest. Like student strikes, a hunger strike aims to worsen the public image of the target.

A "sickout", or (especially by uniformed police officers) "[[blue flu]]", is a type of strike action in which the strikers [[malingering|call in sick]]. This is used in cases where laws prohibit certain employees from declaring a strike. Police, firefighters, air traffic controllers, and teachers in some [[U.S. state]]s are among the groups commonly barred from striking usually by state and federal laws meant to ensure the safety or security of the general public.

[[Newspaper]] writers may withhold their names from their stories as a way to protest actions of their employer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twincities.com/2009/07/16/a-note-from-the-editor/|title=A note from the editor – Twin Cities|date=16 July 2009}}</ref>

Activists may form "{{vanchor|flying squad}}" groups for strikes or other actions, a form of [[picketing]], to disrupt the workplace or another aspect of capitalist production: supporting other strikers or unemployed workers, participating in protests against globalization, or opposing abusive landlords.<ref>
{{Cite journal |last1=Levant |first1=Alex |title=Flying Squads and the Crisis of Workers' Self-Organization |journal=New Socialist |issue=40 |url=http://www.newsocialist.org/old_mag/magazine/40/article04.html |issn=1488-2698 |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019012824/http://www.newsocialist.org/old_mag/magazine/40/article04.html |archive-date=19 October 2017  }}
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