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=== Nazi Germany === Due to the [[Nazi Party]]'s practice of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', Stuttgart's political importance as state capital became totally nonexistent, though it remained the cultural and economic centre of the central [[Neckar river|Neckar]] region. Stuttgart, one of the cities bestowed an [[Honorary city titles in Nazi Germany|honorary title]] by the Nazi regime, was given the moniker "City of the [[German diaspora|Abroad Germans]]" in 1936.<ref name="Strölin">{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/147171/1 |title=Karl Strölin |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917084851/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/147171/1 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Stuttgart Zeitung newspaper, online historical archive |title=Von Zeit zu Zeit |url=http://www.von-zeit-zu-zeit.de/index.php?template=bild&media_id=391=Official_Stuttgarter_Zeitung |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006152605/http://www.von-zeit-zu-zeit.de/index.php?template=bild&media_id=391=Official_Stuttgarter_Zeitung |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2016 |date=May 2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="stuttg">{{cite web |first=Roland |last=Müller |url=http://www.schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/pages/de/termine/rFCckblick/24.03.2007--erste-feuerbacher-kulturnacht/historische-filme.php |title=Die Stuttgarter Kriegsfilmchronik – Ein besonderer Bestand im Stadtarchiv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927064737/http://www.schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/pages/de/termine/rFCckblick/24.03.2007--erste-feuerbacher-kulturnacht/historische-filme.php |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=14 October 2018}} (Uppsats)</ref> The first prototypes of the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] were manufactured in Stuttgart, according to designs by [[Ferdinand Porsche]], by a design team including [[Erwin Komenda]] and [[Karl Rabe]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Barber |first=Chris |title=Birth of the Beetle: the development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=1-85960-959-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gilmore |first=Bob |title=The KdF Brochure |magazine=VW Trends |date=April 1985 |page=45}}</ref> The [[Hotel Silber]] ({{langx|en|Silver}}), previously occupied by other forms of [[political police]], was occupied by the [[Gestapo]] in 1933 to detain and torture political dissidents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staatspolizeileitstelle im Hotel Silber |url=https://www.geschichtsort-hotel-silber.de/das-netz-der-gestapo/stuttgart/staatspolizeileitstelle-im-hotel-silber/ |publisher=Hotel Silber |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002832/https://www.geschichtsort-hotel-silber.de/das-netz-der-gestapo/stuttgart/staatspolizeileitstelle-im-hotel-silber/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The hotel was used for the transit of Nazi prisoners of conscience including [[Eugen Bolz]], [[Kurt Schumacher]], and [[Lilo Herrmann]] to [[concentration camps]]. The nearby court at Archive Street ({{langx|de|Archivstraße}}) 12A was also used as a central location for executions in Southwest Germany, as the headstone located in its atrium dedicated to the 419 lives lost there recalls.{{sfn|Federal|1995|p=87}} Participants of the [[Kristallnacht]] burned the [[Old Synagogue (Stuttgart)|Old Synagogue]] to the ground<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart – Baden-Württemberg's Jewish Centre |url=http://www.germany.travel/en/towns-cities-culture/jewish-traveler/stuttgart.html |website=germany.travel |publisher=Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002958/http://www.germany.travel/en/towns-cities-culture/jewish-traveler/stuttgart.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> along with the relics contained within and also destroyed its [[Jewish cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Life – and Loss – in Stuttgart |url=https://stuttgartsteps.com/blog/2013/11/8/jewish-life-and-loss-in-stuttgart |publisher=Stuttgart Steps |date=8 November 2013 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042014/https://stuttgartsteps.com/blog/2013/11/8/jewish-life-and-loss-in-stuttgart |url-status=live }}</ref> The next year the Nazi regime began the arrests and deportation of Stuttgart's Jewish inhabitants, beginning with the entire male Jewish population of Stuttgart, to the police-run prison camp at [[Welzheim]] or directly to [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]].{{sfn|Bauz|Breugemann|2013|p=277}} Other Jews from around Württemberg were brought to Stuttgart and housed in the ghetto on the former Trade Fair grounds in [[Killesbergpark|Killesberg]]. As the Memorial at [[Stuttgart North station|Stuttgart North]] records,<ref name="northmem">{{cite web |title=Memorial Deportation Jews Stuttgart |url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/5396/Memorial-Deportation-of--Stuttgart-Jews.htm |website=TracesOfWar.com |publisher=Traces of War |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003007/https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/5396/Memorial-Deportation-of--Stuttgart-Jews.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> between 1941 (the first train arrived 1 December 1941, and took around 1,000 men to [[Riga]]) and 1945, more than 2,000 Jews from all over Württemberg<ref name="northmem"/> were deported to [[Theresienstadt concentration camp|Theresienstadt]], [[Auschwitz]], and the ghettos at Riga and [[Izbica Ghetto|Izbica]]. Of them, only 180 held in [[Internment]] survived the [[Shoah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wuerttemberg |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wuerttemberg |website=JewishVirtualLibrary.org |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003058/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wuerttemberg |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Federal|1995|p=88}} Stuttgart, like many of Germany's major cities, was ravaged throughout the war by [[Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II|Allied air raids]]. For the first four years of the war, successful air raids on the city were rare because of the capable defence of the city by [[Wehrmacht]] ground forces, the [[Luftwaffe]], and [[artificial fog]].<ref name="GeschStutt4">{{cite web |title=Stuttgart im zweiten Weltkrieg: 2. Weltkrieg (1939 bis 1945) |trans-title=Stuttgart in the second world war: World War II (1939 to 1945) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/zweiter-weltkrieg.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216021628/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/zweiter-weltkrieg.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite opinions among some Royal Air Force members that day-time air raids on the city were suicidal,<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> substantial damage to the city's industrial capacity still occurred, such as the 25 August bombing of the Daimler AG plant in 1940 that killed five people.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> With the war increasingly turning against the Third Reich, more and more troops were pulled from the defence of the city in 1943 to fight on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> In 1944, the city centre was entirely in ruins due to [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Allied bombing raids]] that could now more easily attack the city. The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944, when the [[Royal Air Force]], dropping over 184,000 bombs – including 75 [[blockbuster bomb|blockbusters]] – levelled Stuttgart's city centre, killing 957 people in the resulting [[firestorm]].<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> In totality, Stuttgart was subjected to 53 bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of 57.7% of all buildings in the city,{{efn|Of those, 67.8% of the residential buildings and 75% of the Industrial structures were destroyed.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/>}} the deaths of 4,477 inhabitants, the disappearance of 85 citizens, and the injury of 8,908 more people.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> The Allies lost 300 aircraft and seven to ten enlisted men.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> To commemorate the city citizens who died during the war, the rubble was assembled and used to create the [[Birkenkopf]]. Today{{When|date=August 2024}} Stuttgart consists of over 40% of buildings from before World War II, besides all destruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4|title=Endgültige Ergebnisse der Gebäude- und Wohnungszählung 2011 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=zensus2011.de |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |trans-title=Final results of the 2011 building and housing census |language=German |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2024}}
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