Editing Submarine communications cable (section)

===Submarine cables across the Pacific, 1902–1991===
The first trans-Pacific cables providing telegraph service were completed in 1902 and 1903, linking the US mainland to Hawaii in 1902 and [[Guam]] to the [[Philippines]] in 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1903/july_4_1903_69271.html |title=Pacific Cable (SF, Hawaii, Guam, Phil) opens, President TR sends message July 4 in History |publisher=Brainyhistory.com |date=1903-07-04 |access-date=2010-04-25}}</ref> Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Fiji were also linked in 1902 with the trans-Pacific segment of the [[All Red Line]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/australia-australie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/history-histoire.aspx?lang=eng |title= History of Canada-Australia Relations |publisher= Government of Canada |access-date= 2014-07-28 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140720185110/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/australia-australie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/history-histoire.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date= 2014-07-20 }}</ref> Japan was connected into the system in 1906. Service beyond Midway Atoll was abandoned in 1941 due to World War II, but the remainder stayed in operation until 1951 when the FCC gave permission to cease operations.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Commercial Pacific Cable Company |url=http://atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/ComPacCable |publisher=Atlantic Cable |work= atlantic-cable.com |access-date=September 24, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110415/http://atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/ComPacCable |archive-date=September 27, 2016 }}</ref>

The first trans-Pacific telephone cable was laid from Hawaii to Japan in 1964, with an extension from Guam to The Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Milestones:TPC-1 Transpacific Cable System, 1964 |publisher=Engineering and Technology History WIKI |work=ethw.org |url=http://ethw.org/Milestones:TPC-1_Transpacific_Cable_System,_1964 |access-date=September 24, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927020609/http://ethw.org/Milestones:TPC-1_Transpacific_Cable_System,_1964 |archive-date=September 27, 2016 }}</ref> Also in 1964, the [[Commonwealth Pacific Cable System]] (COMPAC), with 80 telephone channel capacity, opened for traffic from Sydney to Vancouver, and in 1967, the South East Asia Commonwealth (SEACOM) system, with 160 telephone channel capacity, opened for traffic. This system used microwave radio from Sydney to Cairns (Queensland), cable running from [[Cairns]] to [[Madang]] ([[Papua New Guinea]]), [[Guam]], Hong Kong, [[Kota Kinabalu]] (capital of [[Sabah]], Malaysia), Singapore, then overland by microwave radio to [[Kuala Lumpur]]. In 1991, the [[NPC (cable system)|North Pacific Cable system]] was the first regenerative system (i.e., with [[repeater]]s) to completely cross the Pacific from the US mainland to Japan. The US portion of NPC was manufactured in Portland, Oregon, from 1989 to 1991 at STC Submarine Systems, and later [[Alcatel Submarine Networks]]. The system was laid by Cable & Wireless Marine on the ''[[Cable Ship|CS]] Cable Venture''.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}