Editing Suret language (section)

=== Consonants ===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonant inventory<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hertzron|first=Robert|title=The Semitic Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|pages=348–352}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Harrassowitz" />
|-
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan=4| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyn-<br />geal]]
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2| <small>plain</small>
!colspan=2| <small>[[Pharyngealization|emp.]]</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|m}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|n}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>plain</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|tˤ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|({{IPA link|c}}|| style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɟ}})
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|q}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}|| style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|pʰ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|tʰ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|({{IPA link|cʰ}})||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|kʰ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>plain</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|tʃ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|dʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[sibilant]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|z}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|sˤ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|ʃ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>non-sibilant</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|f}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|v}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|θ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ð}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|x}}|| colspan="2" style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ʕ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|h}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|w}}
| style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|l}}
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|j}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
'''Notes:'''
* In all NENA dialects, voiced, voiceless, aspirated and emphatic consonants are recognised as distinct phonemes, though there can be an overlap between plain voiceless and voiceless emphatic in sound quality.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar|url=https://archive.org/details/neoaramaicdialec00khan|url-access=limited|last1=Khan|first1=Geoffrey|date=2008|publisher=Brill|page=[https://archive.org/details/neoaramaicdialec00khan/page/n67 29]}}</ref><ref name="Brill">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |page=93}}</ref><ref name="The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu">{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Samuel Ethan |title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu |date=1997 |publisher=Harrassowitz |page=8}}</ref><ref name="Harrassowitz">{{cite book |last1=Odisho |first1=Edward Y |title=The Sound System of Modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) |date=1988 |publisher=Harrassowitz}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2019}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Koy Sanjaq (Iraqi Kurdistan)|last1=Mutzafi|first1=Hezy|date=2004|publisher=Harrassowitz}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2019}}
* In Iraqi Koine and many Urmian & Northern dialects, the palatals [{{IPA link|c}}], [{{IPA link|ɟ}}] and aspirate [{{IPA link|cʰ}}] are considered the predominant realisation of /{{IPA link|k}}/, /{{IPA link|g}}/ and aspirate /{{IPA link|kʰ}}/.<ref name="Harrassowitz"/>{{Page needed|date=July 2019}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar|url=https://archive.org/details/neoaramaicdialec00khan|url-access=limited|last1=Khan|first1=Geoffrey|date=2008|publisher=Brill|page=[https://archive.org/details/neoaramaicdialec00khan/page/n68 30]}}</ref><ref name="Brill"/>
*In the Koine and Urmi dialects, velar fricatives /{{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}}/ are typically uvular as [{{IPA link|χ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}}].<ref name="Harrassowitz" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Geoffrey|title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi|year=2016|page=48}}</ref>
* The phoneme /{{IPA link|ħ}}/ is in most dialects realised as [{{IPA link|x}}]. The one exception to this is the dialect of [[Hértevin language|Hértevin]], which merged the two historical phonemes into [ħ], thus lacking [x] instead.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Semitic Languages |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-05767-1}}</ref>
* The [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] /{{IPA link|ʕ}}/, represented by the letter ''[[ayin|'e]]'', is a marginal phoneme that is generally upheld in formal or religious speech. Among the majority of Suret speakers, [[ayin|'''e'']] would be realised as [{{IPA link|aɪ̯}}], [{{IPA link|eɪ̯}}], [{{IPA link|ɛ}}], [{{IPA link|j}}], [[Zero (linguistics)|deleted]], or even [[Gemination|geminating]] the previous consonant, depending on the dialect and phonological context.
* /{{IPA link|r}}/ may also be heard as a tap sound [{{IPA link|ɾ}}].<ref name="Harrassowitz" />
* /{{IPA link|f}}/ is a phoneme heard in the [[Tyari]], Barwari and Chaldean dialects. In most of the other varieties, it merges with /{{IPA link|p}}/,<ref>Rudder, Joshua. ''Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step-by-Step Approach to the Historical & Modern Scripts''. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. 220 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4610-2142-1}} Includes the Estrangela (pp. 59–113), Madnhaya (pp. 191–206), and the Western Serto (pp. 173–190) scripts.</ref> though [{{IPA link|f}}] is found in loanwords.
* The phonemes {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} have allophonic realisations of [{{IPA link|θ}}] and [{{IPA link|ð}}] (respectively) in most Lower Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean dialects, which is a carryover of ''[[begadkefat]]'' from the Ancient Aramaic period.
* In the Upper Tyari dialects, /θ/ is realised as [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] or [{{IPA link|t}}]; in the Marga dialect, the /t/ may at times be replaced with [{{IPA link|s}}].
* In the Urmian dialect, /{{IPA link|w}}/ has a widespread allophone [{{IPA link|ʋ}}] (it may vacillate to [{{IPA link|v}}] for some speakers).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Aramaic| encyclopedia = The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary|publisher=William B Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA |year=1975|isbn=0-8028-2402-1}}</ref>
* In the Jilu dialect, /{{IPA link|q}}/ is uttered as a tense [{{IPA link|k}}]. This can also occur in other dialects.<ref name="The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu"/><ref name="Brill"/>
* In the Iraqi Koine dialect, a labial-palatal approximant sound [{{IPA link|ɥ}}] is also heard.<ref name=":2">[[Wolfhart Heinrichs|Heinrichs, Wolfhart]] (ed.) (1990). ''Studies in Neo-Aramaic''. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. {{ISBN|1-55540-430-8}}.</ref><ref name="Harrassowitz" />
*/{{IPA link|ɡ}}/ is affricated, thus pronounced as [{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}] in some Urmian, Tyari and Nochiya dialects.<ref>Tsereteli, Konstantin G. (1990). "The velar spirant 0 in modern East Aramaic Dialects", W. Heinrichs (ed.): Studies in Neo-Aramaic (Harvard Semitic Studies 36), Atlanta, 35-42.</ref> /{{IPA link|k}}/ would be affricated to [{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}] in the same process.
* /{{IPA link|ɣ}}/ is a marginal phoneme that occurs across all dialects. Either a result of the historic splitting of /g/, through loanwords, or by contact of [{{IPA link|x}}] with a voiced consonant.
*/{{IPA link|ʒ}}/ is found predominately from loanwords, but, in some dialects, also from the voicing of /{{IPA link|ʃ}}/<ref name="The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu"/> (e.g. ''ḥašbunā'' /xaʒbuːnaː/, "counting", from the root ''ḥ-š-b,'' "to count") as in the Jilu dialect.
*/n/ can be pronounced [{{IPA link|ŋ}}] before velar consonants [x] and [q] and as [{{IPA link|m}}] before labial consonants.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |page=107}}</ref>
* In some speakers, a [[dental click]] (English "tsk") may be used para-linguistically as a negative response to a "[[Yes and no|yes or no]]" question. This feature is more common among those who still live in the homeland or in the Middle East, than those living in the diaspora.