Editing Tangled (section)

===Animation===
[[File:Fragonard, The Swing.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'' by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]].]]
The film was made using [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI), although ''Tangled'' was modeled on the traditional look of oil paintings on canvas. The [[Rococo]] paintings of French artist [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], particularly ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', were used as references for the film's artistic style, a style described by Keane as "romantic and lush."<ref name=AWNDisneyLegacy3D>{{cite web|date=November 4, 2005|last=Desowitz|first=Bill|work=Animation World Network|access-date=July 5, 2006|url=http://www.awn.com/animationworld/chicken-little-beyond-disney-rediscovers-its-legacy-through-3d-animation|title=Chicken Little & Beyond: Disney Rediscovers its Legacy Through 3D Animation|archive-date=July 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707060106/http://www.awn.com/animationworld/chicken-little-beyond-disney-rediscovers-its-legacy-through-3d-animation|url-status=live}}</ref> To create the impression of a painting, [[non-photorealistic rendering]] was used.<ref name="CGMeetup">{{cite news|author=Jason|title=Tangled Concept Art and Character Art|url=http://www.cgmeetup.net/home/art/tangled-concept-art-and-character-art/|access-date=June 29, 2016|work=CGMeetup|date=April 28, 2013|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091639/http://www.cgmeetup.net/home/art/tangled-concept-art-and-character-art/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Rapunzel-Disney.jpg|thumb|A concept rendering of Rapunzel by Lisa Keene, demonstrating the "luscious golden hair" Keane wanted.]]
Glen Keane originally wanted the film to be animated using a traditional 2D animation process. However, Disney executives David Stainton and Dick Cook announced that they would only approve the film for production if it were created using the 3D computer graphics.<ref name="Senseofcinema">{{cite news|last=Carter|first=Chris|title=An Analysis of the Character Animation in Disney's Tangled|url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2013/feature-articles/an-analysis-of-the-character-animation-in-disneys-tangled/|access-date=June 29, 2016|work=Sense of Cinema|date=July 2013|archive-date=June 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630001627/http://sensesofcinema.com/2013/feature-articles/an-analysis-of-the-character-animation-in-disneys-tangled/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to that demand, Glen Keane held a seminar called "''The Best of Both Worlds''", where he, with 50 Disney CGI artists and traditional artists, focused on the pros and cons of each style.<ref>{{cite news|last=Holson|first=Laura M.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/business/media/18disney.html?ex=1284696000&en=99e7d48446aee76d|title=Disney Moves Away From Hand-Drawn Animation|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 18, 2005|access-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> After the meeting, it was decided that the film would be made in 3D CGI animation, but in a way as to become an extension of the traditional 2D Disney "aesthetic", a term which referred to the naturalistic animation that conforms to the fundamental principles of animation as documented by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston in the book ''The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation''.<ref name="Senseofcinema"/>

Due to limitations in computer technology, especially regarding attempts to capture the complexity of a human form, many basic principles of animation used in traditionally animated movies had been absent from earlier CGI films; but technological advancements made it easier to blend the two, combining the strengths of each style.<ref name="CGMeetup"/> Keane stated repeatedly he was trying to make the computer "bend its knee to the artist" instead of having the computer dictate the artistic style and look of the film.<ref name=WSJComputerAge/> By making the computer become as "pliable as the pencil", Keane's vision of a "three-dimensional drawing" seemed within reach, with the artist controlling the technology. Many of the techniques and tools that were required to give the film the quality Keane demanded did not exist when the project was started, and Walt Disney Animation Studios had to create them on their own.<ref name=AWNDisneyLegacy3D/> Keane said, "There’s no photoreal hair. I want luscious hair, and we are inventing new ways of doing that. I want to bring the warmth and intuitive feel of hand-drawn to CGI."<ref name=AWNDisneyPastPresent>{{cite web|first=Bill|last=Desowitz|url=http://www.awn.com/news/events/little-mermaid-team-discusses-disney-past-and-present|title='Little Mermaid' Team Discusses Disney Past and Present|work=Animation World Network|date=September 18, 2006|access-date=January 21, 2011|archive-date=August 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821075332/http://www.awn.com/news/events/little-mermaid-team-discusses-disney-past-and-present|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the main goals of the animators was to create movement that mimicked the soft fluidity of the hand-drawn art found in older Disney animated films. Keane credited Disney 3D animator Kyle Strawitz with helping to combine CGI with the traditional hand-drawn style.<ref name="CGMeetup"/> "He took the house from ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White]]'' and built it and painted it so it looked like a flat painting that suddenly started to move, and it had dimension and kept all of the soft, round curves of the brushstrokes of watercolor. Kyle helped us get that [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard|Fragonard]] look of that girl on the swing… We are using [[subsurface scattering]] and global illumination and all of the latest techniques to pull off convincing human characters and rich environments."<ref name=AWNDisneyLegacy3D/>

Rather than focusing on realism, the 3D team used an aesthetic approach.<ref name="CGMeetup"/> Robert Newman, the film's stereoscopic supervisor said that "We’re using depth more artistically than ever before, and we’re not as concerned with the literal transcription of depth between camera and projector as we are the interpretation of it." To do this, they used a new technique called multi-rigging, which is made up of multiple pairs of [[Virtual camera system|virtual cameras]]. Each pair is used individually on each separate element that adds depth to a scene, like background, foreground, and characters, without adjusting for the relation with the other pairs. When sandwiched together later in production, the result was something that would be visually impossible in the real world, but which created an appealing look to the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/node/300278/get-tangled-hairrai|title=Get 'Tangled' up in hair-raising 3D!|work=The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online|date=January 24, 2011|access-date=June 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130050835/http://www.mb.com.ph/node/300278/get-tangled-hairrai|archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref>

As a counterpart to the appealing and cute design of Rapunzel,<ref name=GirlHowardGrenoInterview>{{cite web|title=Byron Howard & Nathan Greno Tangled Interview|url=http://www.girl.com.au/byron-howard-and-nathan-greno-tangled-blu-ray-interview.htm|publisher=Girl.com.au|access-date=November 1, 2015|date=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517021233/http://www.girl.com.au/byron-howard-and-nathan-greno-tangled-blu-ray-interview.htm|archive-date=May 17, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> the directors wanted to make Flynn Rider "the most handsome, most attractive male lead Disney has ever had."<ref name=SRDisneyHunk>{{cite web|last=Cornet |first=Roth |title=Zach Levi on Being a Disney Hunk in 'Tangled', A Singer, A Superhero & 'Chuck |url=https://screenrant.com/disney-tangled-zach-levi-interview-chuck-rothc-88315/ |website=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=November 1, 2015 |date=November 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209125333/http://screenrant.com/disney-tangled-zach-levi-interview-chuck-rothc-88315/ |archive-date=December 9, 2014 }}</ref> They held a large "Hot Man Meeting" where they gathered about 30 women from the studio and asked them what they considered attractive in a man.<ref name=TelegraphTangledDirectors>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Marc|title=Tangled directors on the latest Disney animation|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/8287107/Tangled-directors-on-the-latest-Disney-animation.html|access-date=November 1, 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=January 27, 2011|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413153154/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/8287107/Tangled-directors-on-the-latest-Disney-animation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They brought in hundreds of images of their favourite male actors and celebrities, which were torn and pasted back again.<ref name=TelegraphTangledDirectors/><ref name=Disney11Things>{{cite web|title=11 Things You Didn't Know About Tangled|url=http://blogs.disney.com/oh-my-disney/2014/12/26/11-things-you-didnt-know-about-tangled/|publisher=Disney|access-date=November 1, 2015|date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=December 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228173410/http://blogs.disney.com/oh-my-disney/2014/12/26/11-things-you-didnt-know-about-tangled/|url-status=live}}</ref> After much deliberation, his look was eventually narrowed down to one concept drawing.<ref name=SRDisneyHunk/><ref name=TelegraphTangledDirectors/>

====Technology development====
Existing technology continued to present difficulties: in particular, animating hair turned out to be a challenge. Senior software engineer Kelly Ward spent six years writing programs to make it move the way they wanted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dapsmagic.com/geekscorner/geek-links/daps-magic-interviews/roundtable-interview-with-glen-keane-march-17-2011/|title=Roundtable Interview with Glen Keane|date=March 17, 2011|publisher=DAPs|access-date=April 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921063943/http://www.dapsmagic.com/geekscorner/geek-links/daps-magic-interviews/roundtable-interview-with-glen-keane-march-17-2011/|archive-date=September 21, 2012}}</ref> As late as January 2010, the directors were still not sure if the Rapunzel character's length of hair was going to work. These problems were finally solved in March:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/movies/article_730035f2-121d-54a4-bd18-ab1ec0b684c0.html|title='Tangled' directors unravel film's secrets|date=December 5, 2010|work=SiouxCityJournal.com|access-date=December 8, 2010|archive-date=December 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210072616/http://www.siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/movies/article_730035f2-121d-54a4-bd18-ab1ec0b684c0.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An improved version of a hair simulation program named Dynamic Wires, originally developed for ''Bolt'', was eventually used. To make hair float believably in water, and to surmount other similar challenges, [[discrete differential geometry]] was used to produce the desired effects, freeing the animators from executing these specific tasks directly, which would have taken days instead of minutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/movies/30animate.html|title=Perfecting Animation, via Science|date=December 29, 2010|newspaper=NYTimes.com|author=Patricia Cohen|access-date=December 12, 2012|archive-date=May 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510190238/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/movies/30animate.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Controversy over the film title change ====
[[File:RapunzelLogo.jpg|thumb|Official logo of ''Rapunzel'' before the title was changed to ''Tangled'']]
When first put into production, the film was promoted as having the title ''Rapunzel Unbraided'', which was later changed to ''Rapunzel''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Jim |date=August 8, 2005 |title="Rapunzel Unbraided" aims to be " ... a film of astonishing beauty." |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/09/656.aspx |access-date=October 6, 2010 |work=Jim Hill Media |archive-date=November 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126035544/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/09/656.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Disney's previous animated feature, ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' (2009)—while being well received by various critics<ref>{{cite web |title=The Princess and the Frog |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-princess-and-the-frog/critic-reviews |access-date=February 5, 2012 |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815115523/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-princess-and-the-frog/critic-reviews |url-status=live }}</ref> <!--Comment: While the cited Metacritic listing of what 29 critics said about this feature gives the film a critics' score of 73, the critics' views are not "highly critically acclaimed"--> --was not as successful as Disney had hoped, and Catmull later admitted in writing that Disney Animation's faith that ''The Princess and the Frog''{{'}}s excellent quality would bring in all audiences notwithstanding the word "princess" in the title was their version of "a stupid pill".<ref>{{cite book |last=Catmull |first=Ed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqccAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT274 |title=Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration |author2=Amy Wallace |publisher=Random House |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-81-299301-1 |location=New York |page=268}}</ref> In order to market the new film to both sexes and additional age groups, Disney changed the title from ''Rapunzel'' to ''Tangled'' while also emphasizing Flynn Rider, the film's prominent male character, showing that his story is just as important as that of Rapunzel.<ref name="LATimes2">{{cite news |last1=Chmielewski |first1=Dawn C. |last2=Eller |first2=Claudia |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Disney restyles 'Rapunzel' to appeal to boys |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-mar-09-la-fi-ct-disney9-2010mar09-story.html |access-date=March 12, 2010 |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225201504/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/09/business/la-fi-ct-disney9-2010mar09 |url-status=live }}</ref> Disney was criticized for altering the title as a [[marketing strategy]]. [[Floyd Norman]], a former Disney and [[Pixar]] animator and story artist, said, "The idea of changing the title of a classic like ''Rapunzel'' to ''Tangled'' is beyond stupid. I'm convinced they'll gain nothing from this except the public seeing Disney as desperately trying to find an audience."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chmielewski |first1=Dawn C. |last2=Eller |first2=Claudia |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Disney wrings the pink out of 'Rapunzel' |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2010/03/10/disneys-rapunzel-gets-a-makeover |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013043046/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2010/03/10/disneys-rapunzel-gets-a-makeover/ |archive-date=October 13, 2010}}</ref>

Justin Chang of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' compared it to changing the title of ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' to ''Beached''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Justin |date=November 7, 2010 |title='Tangled' Review |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/tangled-1117943999/ |access-date=March 23, 2011 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927031045/http://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/tangled-1117943999/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''{{'}}s blog, Margot Magowan accused Disney of sexism, writing:<ref name="Magowan">{{cite web|last=Magowan|first=Margot|url=http://blog.sfgate.com/mmagowan/2010/11/22/disneys-male-execs-stop-movies-starring-girls|title=Disney's male execs stop movies starring girls|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=November 22, 2010|access-date=June 13, 2012|archive-date=December 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208141124/http://blog.sfgate.com/mmagowan/2010/11/22/disneys-male-execs-stop-movies-starring-girls/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Can you imagine if Disney…switched a movie title so it wouldn't risk highlighting a male star? It's awful that this kind of radical gender discrimination exists for our smallest people—little kids who come into this world with huge imaginations and aspirations, big dreams that get squashed by a bunch of billionaire guys who run massive entertainment franchises.}}
On November 24, 2010, the day of the film's release, directors Nathan Greno and [[Byron Howard]] disputed reports that the title change was a marketing decision. They said they changed the title from ''Rapunzel'' to ''Tangled'' because Rapunzel is not the only main character in the film. They went on to say that "you cannot call ''[[Toy Story]]'' "''[[Buzz Lightyear]]''," and they really needed a title that represented what the film is, and that it stars the duo of Rapunzel and Flynn Rider.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=How did Rapunzel become 'Tangled'? Directors Nathan Greno and Byron Howard set the record straight |url=https://ew.com/article/2010/11/24/tangled-rapunzel-nathan-greno-byron-howard/ |access-date=October 15, 2021 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

In March 2014, executive producer [[John Lasseter]] explained that Disney had changed the name to improve the film's appeal [[Four-quadrant movie|to the four quadrants]]: "There was an audience perception that these movies were just for little girls but when boys, men, whatever actually see these movies they like them. So on ''Rapunzel'' … we changed the name and we called it ''Tangled''. We did marketing that made the people who would not normally show up say, 'Hey, this looks pretty good.'"<ref name="ChristopherWilliams">{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Christopher |date=March 31, 2014 |title='The world is a better place with Disney animation in it': John Lasseter tells the Telegraph how he saved Disney Animation Studios from the doldrums |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/10733005/The-world-is-a-better-place-with-Disney-animation-in-it.html |access-date=April 23, 2014 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/10733005/The-world-is-a-better-place-with-Disney-animation-in-it.html |url-status=live }}</ref>