Editing Taranis (section)

==Epigraphy==
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|{{lang|xrr|ṣ a[ / kakaka[(?) / θarani[? / saφ̣ạṇa / θ̣]arani[?}}}
|Inscribed on an object (perhaps a keyhandle) made from staghorn. Found in Sottopedonda, in the [[Fiemme Valley]], Italy.<ref name=Hofeneder2/>{{rp|325}}
|{{sort|-300|4th to 3rd century BCE}}<ref name=Hofeneder2/>{{rp|325}}
|[[Raetic]]
|''{{abbr|TIR|Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum}}'' [https://tir.univie.ac.at/wiki/FI-1 FI-1]
|The god Taranis (in the form Tarani) is invoked twice in this obscure (perhaps magico-religious) Raetic inscription. Simona Marchesini has argued that the absence of the Celtic final -s suggests "the god's name was well integrated in the [[Rhaetian people|Raetic world]]".<ref name=Marchesini>{{cite book |first=Simona |last=Marchesini |chapter=La ricezione di elementi culturali allogeni in ambito retico: Taranis in Val di Fiemme (TN) |title=Mode e modelli. Fortuna e insuccesso nella circolazione di cose e idee |series=Officina Etruscologia |volume=7 |location=Rome |date=2012 |pages=177–190 }}</ref>{{rp|177}}
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|{{lang|xtg|ΟΥΗΒΡΟΥΜΑΡΟΣ  / ΔΕΔΕ ΤΑΡΑΝΟΟΥ  / ΒΡΑΤΟΥΔΕΚΑΝΤΕΜ}} (translit. {{transliteration|xtg|ouibroumaros / dede taranoou / bratoudekantem}})
|Inscribed on a small [[cippus]]. Found in [[Orgon]], [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], France.<ref name=G27/>
|{{sort|-100|2nd to 1st century BCE}}<ref name=G27/>
|[[Gaulish]]
|''[[Recueil des inscriptions gauloises|RIG]]'' I [https://riig.huma-num.fr/documents/BDR-09-01 G-27]
|Lejeune offers the translation "Vebrumaros offered Taranus in gratitude (?) the tithe (?)".<ref name=G27>RIG I [https://riig.huma-num.fr/documents/BDR-09-01 G-27] via ''Recueil informatisé des inscriptions gauloises''. Accessed on 16 January 2025.</ref>
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|{{lang|la|IOVI TAN(ARO) / ]S APER[}}
|Inscribed on an altar. Found in [[Bribir, Šibenik-Knin County|Bribir]], [[Dalmatia]], Croatia.<ref name=2010-1225>''[[L'Année épigraphique|AE]]'' [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23513414 2010, 1225]</ref>
|{{sort|25|First half of the 1st century CE}}<ref name=2010-1225/>
|Latin
|''[[L'Année épigraphique|AE]]'' [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_url.php?s_sprache=en&p_publication=AE+2010%2C+01227&r_sortierung=Belegstelle 2010, 1225]
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|{{lang|la|TARANUOS}}
|Inscribed on a terracotta jug. Found near [[Amiens]], [[Somme (department)|Somme]], France.<ref name=1966-269>''[[L'Année épigraphique|AE]]'' [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25606822 1966, 269]</ref>
|{{sort|50|1st century CE}}<ref name=Hainzmann/>{{rp|21}}
|Latin
|{{AE|1966|269}}
|Another inscription found nearby ({{AE|1966|268}}) suggests the find-spot was originally a place of religious significance.<ref name=Hainzmann/>{{rp|24}}
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|{{lang|la|PATE]RNIANUS(?) / V(IVUS) / [ALUM]NO(?) SUO / [PI]O(?) POSUIT / [3]EMIO // ]O[3] / [3]M SA[3] / UXO[RI] / TARANU[TIUS(?)] / COMATUL[LUS(?)}}
|Found in Caesarodunum (Roman [[Tours]]), [[Indre-et-Loire]], France<ref>{{CIL|13|3083}}</ref>
|{{sort|50|1st century CE}}<ref name=Hainzmann/>{{rp|27}}
|Latin
|{{CIL|13|3083}}
|{{lang|la|Taranu[}} is a personal name.<ref name=Hainzmann/>{{rp|26}}
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|{{lang|la|IOVI TA/RANUCO / ARRIA SUC/CESSA V(OTUM) S(OLVIT)}}
|Found in Scardona (Roman [[Skradin]]), [[Dalmatia]], Croatia<ref name=3-2804/>
|{{sort|75|1st to first half of the 2nd century CE}}<ref name=3-2804>{{CIL|3|2804}}</ref>
|Latin
|{{CIL|3|2804}}
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|{{lang|la|E[ ]IMO / ESOET IVTRABAVTIO / RVTI DVO ESANA / TARAIN[I] PANOV / DIR FONT MEM / MIDR.MARMAR / EVI IABO . VIII . MV / MVLCOI CARBRVX}}{{efn|This reading follows [[Jürgen Untermann]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jürgen |last=Untermann |date=1993 |pages=810–813 |journal=Latomus |jstor=41536782 |volume=52 |issue=4 |title=Vorbemerkungen zur sprachlichen Deutung der Inscrift des Goldplättchen aus Baudecet }}</ref> Other readings, by [[Pierre-Yves Lambert]] and {{ill|Brigitte Galsterer|de}}, are given in the apparatus to ''RIG'' L-109.<ref name=L109/>}}
|Inscribed on a gold [[lamella (materials)|lamella]]. Found in Baudecet, [[Gembloux]], [[Belgium]].<ref name=L109>''[[Recueil des inscriptions gauloises|RIG]]'' II.2 L-109 in Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2002). ''Recueil des inscriptions gauloises. II, fasc. 2, Textes gallo-latins sur instrumentum''. Paris: Éd. du CNRS. pp. 310-312.</ref>
|{{sort|150|2nd century CE}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=Marie-Thérèse |last=Raepsaet-Charlier |title=La plaquette en or inscrite de Baudecet: quelques considérations sur sa fonction et son interprétation |date=1993 |pages=819–825 |journal=Latomus |jstor=41536782 |volume=52 |issue=4 }}</ref>{{rp|822}}
|Latin (perhaps with Gaulish, Greek or Germanic elements)
|''[[Recueil des inscriptions gauloises|RIG]]'' II.2 L-109
|This magico-religious inscription from [[Belgic Gaul]] is difficult to interpret. Several lines appear to be meaningless [[ephesia grammata]]. In arguing that the inscription has Gaulish elements, {{ill|Karl Horst Schmidt|de}} and [[Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel|Patrizia de Bernardo]] proposed that line 4 invokes the god Taranis. However, [[Pierre-Yves Lambert]] proposed the tablet is an [[Totenpass|Orphic gold tablet]], and reads this line as an Orphic formula in Greek.<ref name=L109/>
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|{{lang|la|NUM(INI) AUG(USTI) / ET I(OVI) O(PTIMO) M(AXIMO) / TARANUEN / D(E) S(UO) P(RO) P(IETATE) P(OSUIT)}}
|Inscribed on an altar. Found in [[Thauron]], [[Creuse]], France.<ref name=1961-159>''[[L'Année épigraphique|AE]]'' [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25606780 1961, 159]</ref>
|{{sort|150|2nd century CE?}}<ref name=Hainzmann/>{{rp|27}}
|Latin
|{{AE|1961|159}}
|It is uncertain whether {{lang|la|Taranuen}} is a god name or a personal name.<ref name=Hainzmann/>{{rp|27}}
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|{{lang|la|I(OVI) O(PTIMO) M(AXIMO) TANARO / L(UCIUS) [ELUFRIUS(?)] GALER(IA) / PRAESENS [CL]UNIA / PRI(NCEPS) LEG(IONIS) XX V(ALERIAE) V(ICTRICIS) / COMMODO ET / LATERANO CO(N)S(ULIBUS) V(OTUM) S(OLVIT) L(IBENS) M(ERITO)}}
|Inscribed on an altar. Found in [[Chester]], England.<ref name=RIB-452/>
|{{sort|154|154 CE}}<ref name=RIB-452>{{RIB|452}}</ref>
|Latin
|{{CIL|7|168}} = {{RIB|452}}
|This votive inscription to Jupiter Tanarus, by one Lucius Elufrius Praesens from [[Clunia]], was one of the [[Arundel marbles]].<ref name=RIB-452/> The inscription is now badly weathered and illegible, but was read and recorded in the 17th century. The unusual form of the god's name here (Tanarus) has led to repeated suggestions of a misspelling on the part of the engraver or misreading in the original autopsy. However, the discovery of a dedication to {{lang|la|Iovi Tanaro}} in Dalmatia has somewhat obviated these concerns.<ref name=Hofeneder2/>{{rp|326}}<ref name=ALIP>{{cite web |title=Altar to Jupiter Tanarus, Chester |website=The Ashmolean Latin Inscriptions Project |url=https://latininscriptions.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/xml/AN_Chandler_3_1.xml |access-date=14 January 2025 |date=2018}}</ref>
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|{{lang|la|IN H(ONOREM) D(OMUS) D(IVINAE) DEO / TARANUCNO // ET RAVINI / QUIBUS EX / COLLATA STIPEN[DIA] / IUL(IUS) IUL[3] / C(AIUS?) COPI[US(?)? EX] / IUSS[U POSU(ERUNT?)]}}
|Inscribed on an altar. Found in [[Godramstein]], Germany.<ref name=13-6094/>
|{{sort|175|Second half of the 2nd century CE}}<ref name=13-6094>{{CIL|13|6094}}</ref>
|Latin
|{{CIL|13|6094}}
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|{{lang|la|DEO / TARANUCNO / VERATIUS / PRIMUS / EX IUSSU}}
|Inscribed on an altar. Found in [[Böckingen]], Germany.<ref name=13-6478/>
|{{sort|200|Second half of the 2nd century to first half of the 3rd century CE}}<ref name=13-6478>{{CIL|13|6478}}</ref>
|Latin
|{{CIL|13|6478}}r\
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|[...] {{lang|la|VALE(N)S TARANIS}} [...]
|Inscribed on a tablet. Found in [[Nicopolis ad Istrum]], Bulgaria.<ref name=3-6150/>
|{{sort|227|227 CE}}<ref name=3-6150>{{CIL|3|6150}}</ref>
|Latin
|{{CIL|3|6150}} = {{CIL|3|7437}} = {{CIL|3|12346}} 
|{{lang|la|Vale(n)s Taranis}} is a personal name.<ref name=Hainzmann/>{{rp|26}}
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A few different forms of the god's name are known from epigraphy. The spelling Taranus, which is much more common than Taranis in epigraphy, is an older form than Taranis.<ref name=Hainzmann/>{{rp|20}} There is the above-discussed un-metathesised form Taranus. There is also Taranuc(n)us ("son/descendant of Taranus"), known from two inscriptions of [[Germania Superior]], which attaches a patronymic suffix to Taranis's name.<ref name=Hofeneder2/>{{rp|325–326}}

Different scholars have drawn different conclusions about Taranis's importance and the geographical extent of his worship from his epigraphic attestations. [[Marion Euskirchen]] calls the epigraphic evidence "scanty and altogether not unambiguous", which "suggests a rather limited significance of the god within a number of tribal federations".<ref name=Euskirchen>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Euskirchen |first=Marion  |date=2006 |title=Taranis |encyclopedia=Brill's New Pauly Online |publisher=Brill. |doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1200490 }}</ref> Hofeneder, on the other hand, states that Taranis is "attested surprisingly often" for a Celtic god, a fact which "clearly indicates that he must have been a deity worshipped in large parts of ''{{ill|Keltiké|de}}'' and over a long period of time".<ref name=Hofeneder2/>{{rp|327}}