Editing Terry stop (section)

==Pretextual stops==
Pretextual stops are a subset of traffic stops deemed constitutional by the Supreme Court in ''[[Whren v. United States]]'' (1996). They occur when a police officer wishes to investigate a motorist on other suspicions, generally related to drug possession, and uses a minor traffic infringement as a pretext to stop the driver. In the case of ''Whren'', the defense used a "would-have" rule, asking whether a reasonable police officer would have made the stop without the suspicion of other criminal behavior. Some<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neath |first1=Scarlet |title=Redesigning Public Safety: Traffic Safety |url=https://policingequity.org/traffic-safety/60-cpe-white-paper-traffic-safety/file |website=Center for Policing Equity |access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref> consider that pretextual stops can allow racial profiling to occur. There are numerous petty violations that a typical driver might commit, and the officer can be selective about whom to detain for questioning.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=David A. |date=1997 |title=Driving While Black and All Other Traffic Offenses: The Supreme Court and Pretextual Traffic Stops |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6913&context=jclc |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |volume=87 |issue=2|pages=544–582 |doi=10.2307/1143954 |jstor=1143954 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sixteen states ban pretextual stops based solely upon racial profiling or other {{linktext|immutable|lang=en}} factors:<ref name=naacp>{{cite web |title=Born Suspect: Stop-and-Frisk Abuses & the Continued Fight to End Racial Profiling in America |url=https://www.naacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Born_Suspect_Report_final_web.pdf |publisher=NAACP |date=2014}}</ref>

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