Editing Tilde (section)

===Diacritical use===
In some languages, the tilde is a [[diacritic]] mark placed over a [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] to indicate a change in its pronunciation:

====Pitch====
The tilde was firstly used in the [[Greek diacritics|polytonic orthography]] of [[Ancient Greek]], as a variant of the [[circumflex]], representing a rise in [[pitch accent|pitch]] followed by a return to standard pitch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peek |first=Philip S. |url=https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0264/ch3.xhtml |title=Ancient Greek I: A 21st Century Approach; Module 3 - Accents and Accenting Verbs I |date=2021-10-19 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |isbn=978-1-80064-655-1 |pages=19–26 |doi=10.11647/OBP.0264.03 |doi-access=free |oclc=1277513901}}</ref>

====Abbreviation====
[[File:Hic Fabricatur Naves.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Carta marina]]'' showing Finnish economy, with the captions {{lang|la|Hic fabricantur naves}} and {{lang|la|Hic fabricantur [[Bombard (weapon)|bombarde]]}} abbreviated]]
Later, it was used to make [[scribal abbreviation|abbreviations]] in medieval [[Latin language|Latin]] documents. When an {{angle bracket|n}} or {{angle bracket|m}} followed a vowel, it was often omitted, and a tilde (physically, a small {{angle bracket|N}}) was placed over the preceding vowel to indicate the missing letter; this is the origin of the use of tilde to indicate nasalization (compare [[Umlaut (diacritic)#Umlaut history|the development of the umlaut]] as an abbreviation of {{angle bracket|e}}.){{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=Seemingly contradicted by Reimer (2015)}} A tilde represented an omitted {{angle bracket|a}} or a syllable containing it.<ref name="Reimer2015">{{Cite web |last=Reimer |first=Stephen R. |date=30 May 2015 |title=IV.vi. Paleography: Scribal Abbreviations |url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/abbrevtn.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129100307/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/abbrevtn.htm |archive-date=2024-11-29 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Manuscript Studies: Medieval and Early Modern}}</ref> The practice of using the tilde over a vowel to indicate omission of an {{angle bracket|n}} or {{angle bracket|m}} continued in printed books in [[French language|French]] as a means of reducing text length until the 17th century. It was also used in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations, such as over the letter {{angle bracket|q}}, making {{char|q̃}}, [[wikt:q̃|to signify the word ''que'']] ("that"){{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=Seemingly contradicted by Reimer (2015)}}. It also appears for ''qua'' and together with the letter {{angle bracket|p}} to form {{char|p̃}} for ''pra''.<ref name="Reimer2015" />

====Nasalization====
It is also as a small {{angle bracket|n}} that the tilde originated when written above other letters, marking a [[Latin language|Latin]] {{angle bracket|n}} which had been [[elision|elided]] in old Galician-Portuguese. In modern [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] it indicates [[nasalization]] of the base vowel: {{lang|pt|mão}} "hand", from Lat. ''manu-''; {{lang|pt|razões}} "reasons", from Lat. {{lang|la|rationes}}.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|native languages of South America]], such as [[Guarani language|Guarani]] and [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], as well as in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and many other phonetic alphabets. For example, {{IPA|[ljɔ̃]}} is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place-name ''[[Lyon]]''.

In [[Breton language|Breton]], the symbol {{angle bracket|ñ}} after a vowel means that the letter {{angle bracket|n}} serves only to give the vowel a nasalised pronunciation, without being itself pronounced, as it normally is. For example, {{angle bracket|an}} gives the pronunciation {{IPA|[ãn]}} whereas {{angle bracket|añ}} gives {{IPA|[ã]}}.

In the [[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft|DMG]] romanization of [[Tunisian Arabic]], the tilde is used for nasal vowels õ and ṏ.

====Palatal n====
{{main|Ñ}}
The tilded {{angle bracket|n}} ({{angle bracket|ñ}}, {{angle bracket|Ñ}}) developed from the digraph {{angle bracket|nn}} in Spanish. In this language, {{angle bracket|ñ}} is considered a separate letter called ''[[Ñ|eñe]]'' ({{IPA|es|ˈeɲe|IPA}}), rather than a letter-diacritic combination; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters {{angle bracket|n}} and {{angle bracket|o}}. In Spanish, the word ''tilde'' actually refers to diacritics in general, e.g. the acute accent in ''José'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Ortografía de la lengua española |year=2010 |publisher=Real Academia Española |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-670-3426-4 |page=279 }}</ref> while the diacritic in {{angle bracket|ñ}} is called "virgulilla" ({{IPA|es|birɣuˈliʝa|IPA}}) ([[yeísta]]) or ({{IPA|es|birɣuˈliʎa|IPA}}) (non-yeísta).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=virgulilla |title=Lema en la RAE |publisher=[[Real Academia Española]] |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> Current languages in which the tilded {{angle bracket|n}} ({{angle bracket|ñ}}) is used for the [[palatal nasal]] consonant {{IPA|/ɲ/}} include
{{div col|colwidth=8em}}
* [[Asturian language|Asturian]]
* [[Aymara language|Aymara]]
* [[Basque language|Basque]]
* [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]
* [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
* [[Galician language|Galician]]
* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]
* [[Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]
* [[Mapudungun]]
* [[Papiamento]]
* [[Quechua languages|Quechua]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
* [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
* [[Wolof language|Wolof]]
{{div col end}}

====Tone====
In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], a tilde over a vowel represents a creaky rising [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (''ngã''). Letters with the tilde are not considered separate letters of the [[Vietnamese alphabet]].

====International Phonetic Alphabet====
{{uncited section|date=June 2024}}
In [[phonetics]], a tilde is used as a [[IPA diacritics|diacritic that is placed]] above a letter, below it or [[superimpose]]d onto the middle of it:

* A tilde above a letter indicates [[nasalization]], e.g. {{IPA|[ã], [ṽ]}}.
* A tilde superimposed onto the middle of a letter indicates [[velarization]] or [[pharyngealization]], e.g. {{IPA|[ɫ], [z̴]}}. If no precomposed [[Unicode]] character exists, the Unicode character {{unichar|0334| COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY|cwith=◌}} can be used to generate one.
* A tilde below a letter indicates [[Creaky voice|laryngealisation]], e.g. {{IPA|[d̰]}}. If no precomposed Unicode character exists, the Unicode character {{unichar|0330| COMBINING TILDE BELOW|cwith=◌}} can be used to generate one.

A tilde between two [[phoneme]]s indicates optionality, or "alternates with". E.g. {{angbr IPA|ɕ ~ ʃ}} could indicate that the sounds may alternate depending on context ([[free variation]]), or that they vary based on region or speaker, or some other variation.

====Letter extension====
In [[Estonian language|Estonian]], the symbol {{angle bracket|õ}} stands for the [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]], and it is considered an independent letter.

====Other uses====
Some languages and alphabets use the tilde for other purposes, such as:
* [[Arabic script]]: A symbol resembling the tilde ({{unichar|0653|ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE|cwith=ـ|nlink=Arabic diacritics#Maddah}}) is used over the letter {{angle bracket|ا}} ({{IPA|/a/}}) to become <big>{{angle bracket|[[آ]]}}</big>, denoting a long {{IPA|/ʔaː/}} sound.
* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]: The tilded {{angle bracket|[[G̃]]}} (note that {{angle bracket|G/g}} with tilde is not available as a precomposed glyph in [[Unicode]]) stands for the [[velar nasal]] consonant. Also, the tilded {{angle bracket|y}} ({{angle bracket|Ỹ}}) stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel {{IPA|[ɨ̃]}}. [[Munduruku language|Munduruku]], Parintintín, and two older spellings of Filipino words also use {{angle bracket|g̃}}.
* [[Syriac script]]: A tilde (~) under the letter ''[[Kaph]]'' represents a {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} sound, transliterated as ''ch'' or ''č''.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle|Nestle, Eberhard]] (1888). ''Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar''. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. [translated to English as ''Syriac grammar with bibliography, chrestomathy and glossary'', by R. S. Kennedy. London: Williams & Norgate 1889. p. 5].</ref>
* [[Estonian phonology|Estonian]] and [[Võro language|Võro]] use the tilde above the letter o ('''õ''') to indicate the vowel {{IPA|[ɤ]}}, a rare sound among languages.
* [[Unicode]] has a [[combining character|combining]] vertical tilde character: {{unichar|033E|COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE|cwith=◌}}. It is used to indicate [[tone accent|middle tone]] in linguistic transcription of certain dialects of the [[Lithuanian language]],<ref>Lithuanian Standards Board (LST), [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2597.pdf proposal for a zigzag diacritic]</ref> and was also used historically in the letter [[х̾]], which was part of the [[Cyrillization of Polish under the Russian Empire|Polish Cyrillic alphabet]] of the late 19th century.
* [[Resurrección María de Azkue]]'s 1906 Basque dictionary used an idiosyncratic spelling including {{anglebracket|[[ã]] [[d̃]] [[ẽ]] [[ĩ]] [[l̃]] [[ñ]] [[õ]] [[s̃]] [[t̃]] [[ũ]] [[x̃]]}}.<ref name="Azkue">{{cite web |title=R. M. de Azkue: "Euskara-Gaztelania-Frantsesa Hiztegia" / "Diccionario Vasco-Español-Francés" online -Tutorial de uso |url=https://www.aurtenbai.eus/dok/Azkue-tutoriala_ES.pdf |publisher=Aurten Bai Fundazioa |access-date=12 February 2024 |page=6 |language=es |quote=El autor usaba fuentes propias para representar fenómenos propios de algunos de los dialectos del euskera. Estos son los caracteres especiales utilizados en el diccionario: ã d̃ ẽ ĩ l̃ ñ õ s̃ t̃ ũ x̃.}}</ref>