Editing Timeline of historic inventions (section)

===Iron Age===
The [[Late Bronze Age collapse]] occurs around 1200 BC,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millek |first=Jesse |date=2021 |title=Why Did the World End in 1200 BCE |url=https://www.academia.edu/50934851 |journal=Ancient Near East Today |volume=9 |issue=8}}</ref> extinguishing most Bronze-Age Near Eastern cultures, and significantly weakening the rest. This is coincident with the complete collapse of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]. This event is followed by the beginning of the Iron Age. We define the Iron Age as ending in 510 BC for the purposes of this article, even though the typical definition is region-dependent (e.g. 510 BC in Greece, 322 BC in India, 200 BC in China), thus being an 800-year period.{{efn|The uncertainty in dating several Indian developments between 600 BC and 300 AD, due to the tradition that existed of editing existing documents (such as the Sushruta Samhita and Arthashastra) without specifically documenting the edit. Most such documents were canonized at the start of the Gupta empire (mid-3rd century AD).}}
*  '''1100 BC''' [[Star catalogue]] — <em>[[Babylonian star catalogues#Three Stars Each|Three Stars Each]]</em> is the earliest known catalogue in long-running tradition of [[Babylonian astronomy]],<ref>{{cite book
 | last=North | first=John | date=1995
 | title=The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology
 | url=https://archive.org/details/nortonhistoryofa0000nort | url-access=registration | location=New York and London | pages=[https://archive.org/details/nortonhistoryofa0000nort/page/30 30–31]
 | publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | isbn=0-393-03656-1}}</ref> likely drawing on Sumerian<ref>[http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page11-4.html ''History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.4: Sumerian constellations and star names?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907050519/http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-4.html |date=2015-09-07 }}, by Gary D. Thompson</ref> and/or Elamite constellations.<ref>[http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page11-5.html ''History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.5: Elamite lion-bull iconography as constellations?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114124324/http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-5.html |date=2012-11-14 }}, by Gary D. Thompson</ref>
* '''700 BC:''' [[Saddle]] (fringed cloths or pads used by [[Assyrian cavalry]]).<ref name=Beatie18>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&dq=saddle&pg=PA18 Beatie, Russel H.  ''Saddles'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1981] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123113900/http://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&pg=PA18&dq=saddle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RpC_T6mdHYWk9ASsluWPCw&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBjgK |date=23 January 2014 }}, {{ISBN|080611584X}}, 9780806115849 P.18-22</ref>
* '''7th century BC:''' The royal [[Library of Ashurbanipal]] at [[Nineveh]] had 30,000 clay tablets, in several languages, organized according to shape and separated by content. The first recorded example of a [[library catalog]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Stuart
 |title=The Library: An Illustrated History|date=2009
 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|location=New York
 |isbn=978-1-61608-453-0|page=9}}</ref>
* '''688 BC:''' Waterproof concrete in use, by the Assyrians.<ref>Jacobsen T and Lloyd S, (1935) "Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan", ''Oriental Institute Publications'' 24, Chicago University Press</ref> Later, the Romans developed concretes that could set underwater,<ref name="Lechtman and Hobbs">Lechtman and Hobbs "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution"</ref> and used concrete extensively for construction from 300 BC to 476 AD.<ref name="MAST">{{cite web |title=The History of Concrete |url=http://matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete/hist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127052951/http://matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete/hist.html |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign}}</ref>
* '''650 BC:''' [[Crossbow]] in [[China]].<ref>{{citation|last=Loades|first=Mike|year=2018|title=The Crossbow|publisher=Osprey}}</ref>
* '''600 BC:''' [[Coins]] in [[Phoenicia]] (Modern Lebanon) or [[Lydia]].<ref>M. Kroll, review of G. Le Rider's ''La naissance de la monnaie'', ''Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau'' '''80''' (2001), p. 526. D. Sear, Greek Coins and Their Values Vol. 2, Seaby, London, 1979, p. 317.</ref>
* '''Late 7th or early 6th century BC:''' [[Wagonway]] called [[Diolkos]] across the [[Isthmus of Corinth]] in [[Ancient Greece]].
[[File:Trispastos scheme.svg|thumb|With the Greco-Roman ''trispastos'' ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest [[ancient crane]], a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.<ref>Hans-Liudger, Dienel; Wolfgang, Meighörner (1997): "Der Tretradkran", ''Technikgeschichte'' series, 2nd ed., [[Deutsches Museum]], München, p.&nbsp;13</ref>]]
* '''6th century BC – 10th century AD:''' [[Steel#Wootz steel and Damascus steel|High Carbon Steel]], produced by the [[Crucible steel|Closed Crucible method]], later known as [[Wootz steel]], of [[South India]].<ref name="wootz-davidson">Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998). ''The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature''. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 20. {{ISBN|0-85115-716-5}}.</ref><ref name="wootz-iisc">{{cite news | title=Wootz Steel: an advanced material of the ancient world | url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm | author1=Srinivasan, S. | author2=Ranganathan, S. | publisher=Department of Metallurgy, Indian Institute of Science | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119033451/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm |archive-date=19 November 2018| location=Bangalore}}</ref>{{efn|A 10th century AD, [[Damascus]] steel blade, analysed under an electron microscope, contains nano-meter tubes in its metal alloy. Their presence has been suggested to be down to transition-metal impurities in the ores once used to produce Wootz Steel in South India.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2006/061113/full/news061113-11.html |title=Sharpest cut from nanotube sword |first=Katharine |last=Sanderson |date=15 November 2006 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |pages=news061113–11 |doi=10.1038/news061113-11|s2cid=136774602 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}}
* '''6th century BC:''' [[University]] in [[Taxila]], of the Indus Valley, then part of the kingdom of [[Gandhara]], of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] (modern-day Pakistan).
* '''6th century – 2nd century BC:''' Systematization of medicine and surgery in the [[Sushruta Samhita]] in Vedic Northern India.<ref name = "sush">Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf (1907). ''Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body''. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.</ref><ref>Wendy Doniger (2014), On Hinduism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199360079}}, page 79;<br />Sarah Boslaugh (2007), Encyclopedia of Epidemiology, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, {{ISBN|978-1412928168}}, page 547, '''Quote''': "The Hindu text known as Sushruta Samhita is possibly the earliest effort to classify diseases and injuries"</ref><ref name = "sush_date">Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). ''A History of Indian Medical Literature''. Groningen: Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002). {{ISBN|978-9069801247}}.</ref> Documented procedures to:
** Perform [[cataract surgery]] ([[Couching (ophthalmology)|couching]]). Babylonian and Egyptian texts, a millennium before, depict and mention oculists, but not the procedure itself.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ascaso|first1=Francisco J.|last2=Lizana|first2=Joaquín|last3=Cristóbal|first3=José A.|date=1 March 2009|title=Cataract surgery in ancient Egypt|url=https://journals.lww.com/jcrs/Citation/2009/03000/Cataract_surgery_in_ancient_Egypt.43.aspx|journal=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery|language=en-US|volume=35|issue=3|pages=607–608|doi=10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.052|pmid=19251160|issn=0886-3350|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
** Perform [[Caesarean section]].<ref name = "sush_info"/>
** Construct [[Prosthetic limb]]s.<ref name = "sush_info"/>
** Perform [[Plastic surgery]], though reconstructive [[nasal surgery]] is described in millennia older [[Edwin Smith Papyrus|Egyptian papyri]].<ref name="sush_info">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Vibha |date=January–June 2017 |title=Sushruta: The father of surgery |journal=National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.4103/njms.NJMS_33_17 |pmc=5512402 |pmid=28761269 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi>Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). [http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf ''History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |date=10 October 2008 }}. [[National Informatics Centre|National Informatics Centre (Government of India)]].</ref>
* '''Late 6th century BC:''' [[Crank (mechanism)|Crank]] motion ([[rotary quern]]) in [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]]{{sfn|Curtis|2008|p=375}} or 5th century BC [[Celtiberians|Celtiberian]] [[Spain]]<ref name="Frankel 2003, 17–19">Frankel, Rafael (2003): "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution", ''[[American Journal of Archaeology]]'', Vol. 107, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–21 (17–19)</ref><ref>Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", ''[[Journal of Roman Archaeology]]'', Vol. 20, pp.&nbsp;138–163 (159)</ref> Later during the Roman empire, a mechanism appeared that incorporated a connecting rod.
* '''Before 5th century BC:''' [[Deed|Loan deeds]] in Upanishadic India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=155 |title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications |quote=In ancient India, loan deed forms called rnapatra or rnalekhya were in use. These contained details such as the name of the debtor and the creditor, the amount of loan, the rate of interest, the condition of repayment and the time of repayment. The deed was witnessed by a person of respectable means and endorsed by the loan-deed writer. Execution of loan deeds continued during the Buddhist period, when they were called inapanna.}}</ref>
* '''500 BC:''' [[Lighthouse]] in Greece.<ref>Elinor Dewire and Dolores Reyes-Pergioudakis (2010). ''The Lighthouses of Greece''. Sarasota: Pineapple Press. {{ISBN|978-1-56164-452-0}}, pp 1-5.</ref>