Editing Ubykh language (section)

==== Verbs ====

A [[past tense|past]]{{ndash}}[[present tense|present]]{{ndash}}[[future tense|future]] distinction of verb [[Grammatical tense|tense]] exists (the suffixes -{{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} and -{{IPA|/ɜwt/}} represent past and future) and an [[imperfective aspect]] suffix is also found (-{{IPA|/jtʼ/}}, which can combine with tense suffixes). Dynamic and stative verbs are contrasted, as in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and verbs have several [[gerund|nominal]] forms. Morphological [[causative]]s are not uncommon. The conjunctions {{IPA|/ɡʲɨ/}} ('and') and {{IPA|/ɡʲɨlɜ/}} ('but') are usually given with verb suffixes, but there is also a free particle corresponding to each:
*-{{IPA|/ɡʲɨ/}} 'and' (free particle {{IPA|/ve/}}, borrowed from Arabic);
*-{{IPA|/ɡʲɨlɜ/}} 'but' (free particle {{IPA|/ɜʁʷɜ/}})

Pronominal [[benefactive]]s are also part of the verbal complex, marked with the preverb {{IPA|/χʲɜ/}}-, but a benefactive cannot normally appear on a verb that has three agreement prefixes already.

[[Grammatical gender|Gender]] only appears as part of the [[grammatical person|second person]] paradigm, and then only at the speaker's discretion. The feminine second person index is {{IPA|/χɜ/}}-, which behaves like other pronominal prefixes: {{IPA|/wɨsχʲɜntʷɨn/}} ('he gives [it] to you [normal; gender-neutral] for me'), but compare {{IPA|/χɜsχʲɜntʷɨn/}} 'he gives [it] to you [feminine] for me').

===== Agreement =====
Oblique 1 markers are limited to marking the agreement of a noun before a relational preverb and Oblique 2 markers are used for not only marking agreement with local and directional preverbs but also the simple oblique, or dative, arguments.<ref name="fenwick" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronominal Agreement Markers
|
|
!Absolutive
!Oblique (1 and 2)
!Ergative
|-
! rowspan="2" |First person
!sg.
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)/-}}
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)/-}} ~ {{IPA|/z/}}
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)/-}} ~ {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
!pl.
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)/-}}
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)/-}} ~ {{IPA|/ʒ/-}}
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)/-}} ~ {{IPA|/ʒ/-}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |Second person
!sg.
|{{IPA|/wɨ/-}}
|{{IPA|/w(ɨ)/-}}
|{{IPA|/w(ɨ)/-}}
|-
!pl.
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)/-}}
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)/-}} ~ {{IPA|/ʑʷ(ɨ)/- }}
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)/-}} ~ {{IPA|/ʑʷ(ɨ)/- }}
|-
!sg. (joc., arc.)
|{{IPA|/χɜ/-}}
|{{IPA|/χɜ/-}}
|{{IPA|/χɜ/-}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Third person
!sg.
|{{IPA|/ɐ/-, /jɨ/-, /ɨ/-, /Ø/-}}
|{{IPA|/Ø/-}}
|{{IPA|n(ɨ)/- /Ø/-}}
|-
!pl.
|{{IPA|/ɐ/-, /jɨ/-, /Ø/-}}
|{{IPA|/ɐ/-}}
|{{IPA|/ɐ/-, /nɐ/-}}
|}
The second-person {{IPA|/χɜ/-}} is an archaic pronoun used to indicate that the person being referred to is a female, or heckling the speaker in some way.

===== Dynamic verb conjugation =====
Dynamic Ubykh verbs are split up in two groups: Group I which contain the simple tenses and Group II which contain derived counterpart tenses. Only the Karaclar dialect uses the progressive tense and the plural is unknown.

The singular-plural distinction is used when the subject, the ergative, is singular or plural.

Square brackets indicate elided vowels; parenthesis indicate optional parts of the stem; and the colon indicates the boundary of a morpheme.<ref name="fenwick" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Group I
|
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Simple Past
| -{{IPA|/qʼɜ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Mirative Past
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jtʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Present
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɐ-n/}}
|-
!Future I
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜw/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|-
!Future II
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwːt/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}}
|-
!(Progressive)
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwɨːn/}}
|?
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Group II
|
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Pluperfect
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/qʼɜːjtʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/qʼɜːjɬ(ɜ)/}} ~ -/qʼɜːnɜːjtʼ/
|-
!Imperfect
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/nɜːtjʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɐ-nɜːjɬ(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Conditional I
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwɨːjtʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜwɨːjɬ(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Conditional II
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwːtʷːqʼɜ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/(n[ɜ]-)ɜwːtʷːqʼɜ(-n)/}}
|}

====== Simple past ======
The verbs in the simple past tense are conjugated with -{{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}} in the plural.

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼɜ-qʼɜ/}} (s)he said
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-qʼɜ/}} (s)he ate
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼɜ-qʼɜ/}} (s)he knew
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼɜ-qʼɜ/}} (s)he went

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-qʼɜ/}}
|I ate
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-qʼɜ/}}
|you ate
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-qʼɜ/}}
|(s)he ate
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}}
|we ate
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}}
|you (all) ate
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}}
|they ate
|}

====== Mirative past ======
The verbs in the mirative past tense are conjugated with <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jtʼ/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jɬ(ɜ)/}} in the plural.

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼɜ-jtʼ/}} (s)he said apparently
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-jtʼ/}} (s)he ate apparently
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼɜ-jtʼ/}} (s)he knew apparently
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼɜ-jtʼ/}} (s)he went apparently

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-jtʼ/}}
|I ate apparently
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-jtʼ/}}
|you ate apparently
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-jtʼ/}}
|(s)he ate apparently
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|we ate apparently
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|you (all) ate apparently
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|they ate apparently
|}

====== Present ======
The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɐ-n/}} in the plural.

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼɜ-n/}} (s)he says
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n/}} (s)he eats
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼɜ-n/}} (s)he knows 
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼɜ-n/}} (s)he goes

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-n/}}
|I eat
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-n/}}
|you eat
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n/}}
|(s)he eats 
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-f-ɐ-n/}}
|we eat 
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-f-ɐ-n/}}
|you (all) eat 
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɐ-n/}}
|they eat 
|}

====== Future I ======
The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜw/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜw/}} in the plural. It conveys a sense of certainty, immediacy, obligation, or intentionality.

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼ-ɜw/}} (s)he certainly will say
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɜw/}} (s)he certainly will eat
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼ-ɜw/}} (s)he certainly will know 
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼ-ɜw/}} (s)he certainly will go

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|I certainly will eat
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|you certainly will eat
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|(s)he certainly will eat 
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|we certainly will eat 
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|you (all) certainly will eat 
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|they certainly will eat 
|}

====== Future II ======
The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwːt/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}} in the plural. It conveys a generic sense of the future as well as an exhortative sense such as: {{IPA|/ʃɨ-kʲʼɜ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}} (let's go!).

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼ-ɜwːt/}} (s)he will say
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɜwːt/}} (s)he will eat
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼ-ɜwːt/}} (s)he will know 
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼ-ɜwːt/}} (s)he will go

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-f-ɜwːt/}}
|I will eat
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-f-ɜwːt/}}
|you will eat
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɜwːt/}}
|(s)he will eat 
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}}
|we will eat 
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}}
|you (all) will eat 
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}}
|they will eat 
|}

===== Static verb conjugation =====
In all dialects and speakers, only two static tenses exist: present and past.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Present
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/Ø/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Past
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jtʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|}

===== Aspect =====
There are five basic aspects that exist besides the aspects that exist within the Ubykh tense system. They are: habitual, iterative, exhaustive, excessive, and potential.

A speaker may combine one of these aspects with another to convey more complex aspects in conjunction with the tenses.<ref name="fenwick" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!habitual
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɡʲɜ/}}
|-
!iterative
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɐj(ɨ)/}}
|-
!exhaustive
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/lɜ/}}
|-
!excessive
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/tɕʷɜ/}}
|-
!potential
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/fɜ/}}
|}

A few meanings covered in [[English language|English]] by [[adverb]]s or [[auxiliary verb]]s are given in Ubykh by verb suffixes:
* {{IPA|/ɐsfɨfɜn/}} ('I can eat it') - {{IPA|/ɐzdʑʷɜfɜn/}} ('I can drink it')
* {{IPA|/ɐsfɨɡʲɜn/}} ('I eat it all the time') - {{IPA|/ɐzdʑʷɜɡʲɜn/}} ('I drink it all the time')
* {{IPA|/ɐsfɨlɜn/}} ('I am eating it all up') - {{IPA|/ɐzdʑʷɜlɜn/}} ('I am drinking it all up')
* {{IPA|/ɐsfɨtɕʷɜn/}} ('I eat it too much') - {{IPA|/ɐzdʑʷɜtɕʷɜn/}} ('I drink it too much')
* {{IPA|/ɐsfɐjɨn/}} ('I eat it again') - {{IPA|/ɐzdʑʷɐjɨn/}} ('I drink it again')

{| class="wikitable"
|+example of Ubykh verbal aspects
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | First person
! colspan="2" | Second person
! colspan="2" | Third person
|-
! {{small|singular}} !! {{small|plural}}
! {{small|singular}} !! {{small|plural}}
! {{small|singular}} !! {{small|plural}}
|-
! simple
| {{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-f-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-f-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɐ-n/}}
|-
! habitual
| {{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-ɡʲɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-f-ɡʲ[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-ɡʲɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-ɡʲ[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-ɡʲɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-ɡʲ[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
|-
! iterative
| {{IPA|/s(ɨ)-f-ɐj(ɨ)-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-f-ɐj(ɨ)-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/wɨ-f-ɐj(ɨ)-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-f-ɐj(ɨ)-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɐj(ɨ)-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɐj(ɨ)-ɐ-n/}}
|-
! exhaustive
| {{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-lɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-l[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-lɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-l[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-lɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-l[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
|-
! excessive
| {{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-tɕʷɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-tɕʷ[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-tɕʷɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-tɕʷ[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-tɕʷɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-tɕʷ[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
|-
! potential
| {{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-fɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-f[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-fɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-f[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-fɜ-n/}}
| {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-f[ɜ]-ɐ-n/}}
|}