Editing Urinary system (section)

==Clinical significance==
{{Main|Urologic disease}} 
{{Further |Urinary tract infection}}

[[Urologic disease]] can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system. As an example, [[urinary tract obstruction]] is a urologic disease that can cause [[urinary retention]].

Diseases of the kidney tissue are normally treated by [[nephrologist]]s, while diseases of the urinary tract are treated by [[urologist]]s. [[Gynecology|Gynecologists]] may also treat female urinary incontinence.

Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function.  For instance, it has been shown that [[protein]] released by the kidneys in [[diabetes mellitus]] sensitizes the kidney to the damaging effects of [[hypertension]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baba | first1 = T | last2 = Murabayashi | first2 = S | last3 = Tomiyama | first3 = T | last4 = Takebe | first4 = K | title = Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with a rapid progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria and preserved renal function | journal = The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 161 | issue = 4 | pages = 311–8 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2256104 | doi = 10.1620/tjem.161.311 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Diabetes]] also can have a direct effect in [[urination]] due to [[peripheral neuropathy|peripheral neuropathies]], which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled blood sugar levels.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.patient.info/health/peripheral-neuropathy| title= Peripheral Neuropathy |publisher= Patient UK | access-date= 2014-03-20}}</ref>

[[Urinary incontinence]] can result from a weakening of the [[pelvic floor]] muscles caused by factors such as [[pregnancy]], [[childbirth]], [[ageing|aging]], and being [[overweight]]. Findings recent systematic reviews demonstrate that behavioral therapy generally results in improved urinary incontinence outcomes, especially for [[Stress incontinence|stress]] and [[Urge incontinence|urge]] UI, than medications alone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Balk|first1=Ethan|last2=Adam|first2=Gaelen P.|last3=Kimmel|first3=Hannah|last4=Rofeberg|first4=Valerie|last5=Saeed|first5=Iman|last6=Jeppson|first6=Peter|last7=Trikalinos|first7=Thomas|date=2018-08-08|title=Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update|url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/urinary-incontinence-update/final-report-2018|doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer212|s2cid=80659370 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Balk|first1=Ethan M.|last2=Rofeberg|first2=Valerie N.|last3=Adam|first3=Gaelen P.|last4=Kimmel|first4=Hannah J.|last5=Trikalinos|first5=Thomas A.|last6=Jeppson|first6=Peter C.|date=2019-04-02|title=Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Clinical Outcomes|url=http://annals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.7326/M18-3227|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=170|issue=7|pages=465–479|doi=10.7326/M18-3227|pmid=30884526|s2cid=83458685|issn=0003-4819|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Pelvic floor exercises known as [[Kegel exercise]]s can help in this condition by strengthening the pelvic floor. There can also be underlying medical reasons for urinary incontinence which are often treatable. In children, the condition is called [[enuresis]].

Some cancers also target the urinary system, including [[bladder cancer]], [[kidney cancer]], [[ureteral cancer]], and [[urethral cancer]]. Due to the role and location of these organs, treatment is often complicated.{{cn|date=January 2018}}