Editing Vervet monkey (section)

===Social behaviour===
[[File:Vervet monkeys grooming.JPG|thumb|left|A vervet monkey grooms another in Gaborone, Botswana]]
[[File:Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus rufoviridis) juvenile, Semliki Wildlife Reserve.jpg|thumb|right|Juvenile ''C. p. rufoviridis'', [[Uganda]]]]
When males reach sexual maturity, they move to a neighboring group.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pasternak|first1=G.|last2=Brown|first2=L.|last3=Kienzle|first3=S.|last4=Fuller|first4=A.|last5=Barrett|first5=L.|last6=Henzi|first6=P.|title=Population ecology of vervet monkey in a high latitude, semi-arid riparian woodland|journal=Koedoe|date=2013|volume=55|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1078|doi-access=free|hdl=10500/8791|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Often, males move with a brother or peer, presumably for protection against aggression by males and females of the resident group. Groups that had previously transferred males show significantly less aggression upon the arrival of another male. In almost every case, males migrate to adjacent groups. This obviously increases benefits in regard to distance traveled, but also reduces the amount of genetic variance, increasing the likelihood of [[inbreeding]].<ref name="dispersal">{{cite journal| last = Cheney| first = D. L.|author2=Seyfarth, R. M. | title = Nonrandom dispersal in free-ranging vervet monkeys: social and genetic consequences| journal = [[The American Naturalist]]| volume =122| issue =3| pages =392–412| date =September 1983| jstor =2461023| doi = 10.1086/284142 | s2cid = 84820877}}</ref>

Females remain in their groups throughout life. Separate [[Dominance hierarchy|dominance hierarchies]] are found for each sex. Male hierarchies are determined by age, tenure in the group, fighting abilities, and allies, while female hierarchies are dependent on maternal social status. A large proportion of interactions occurs between individuals that are similarly ranked and closely related. Between unrelated individuals, female competition exists for grooming members of high-ranking families, presumably to gain more access to resources. These observations suggest individual recognition is possible and enables discrimination of genetic relatedness and social status. Interactions between different groups are variable, ranging from highly aggressive to friendly. Furthermore, individuals seem to be able to recognise cross-group vocalisations, and identify from and to which monkey each call is intended, even if the call is made by a subadult male, which is likely to transfer groups. This suggests the members within a group are actively monitoring the activity of other groups, including the movement of individuals within a group.<ref name="individuals">{{cite journal| last = Cheney| first = D. L.|author2=Seyfarth, R. M. | title =Recognition of individuals within and between groups of free-ranging vervet monkeys| journal = [[American Zoologist]]| volume =22| issue =3| pages =519–529| date =1982| jstor= 3882575| doi=10.1093/icb/22.3.519| doi-access =free}}</ref>

Within groups, aggression is directed primarily at individuals that are lower on the hierarchy. Once an individual is three years or older, it is considerably more likely to be involved in conflict. Conflict often arises when one group member shows aggression toward a close relative of another. Further, both males and females may redirect aggression towards individuals in which both had close relatives that were previously involved in a conflict. This suggests complex recognition not only of individuals, but also of associations between individuals. This does not suggest recognition of other's individual kinship bonds is possible, but rather that discrimination of social relationships does occur.<ref name="socialally">{{cite journal| last = Cheney| first = D. L.|author2=Seyfarth, R. M. | title =The recognition of social alliances by vervet monkeys|journal = [[Animal Behaviour (journal)|Animal Behaviour]]| volume =34| issue = 6| pages =1722–1731| date =1986| doi = 10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80259-7| s2cid = 53184485| doi-access = free}}</ref>
[[File:Vervet monkeys Kruger.jpg|thumb|upright|Female and juvenile, [[Kruger Park]], [[South Africa]]]]