Editing Vitality curve (section)

=== Discrimination ===

Forced ranking systems may lead to biased decision-making and discrimination. Employees at [[Microsoft]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Conoco]] have filed lawsuits against their employers, saying that forced ranking systems are inherently unfair "because they favor some groups of employees over others: white males over blacks and women, younger managers over older ones and foreign citizens over Americans".<ref name="abelson"/> For example, around 2001, Ford used a forced ranking system with three grades, A, B, and C, with quotas preset to 10%, 80%, and 10%. After a [[class action]] lawsuit, which it settled for $10.5 million, it stopped using the system.<ref name="ford"/><ref name="Mello2014">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Mello|title=Strategic Human Resource Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOLKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA447|year=2014|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-96978-7|page=447}}</ref>