Editing Vivisection (section)

==Human vivisection==
It is possible that human vivisection was practised by some Greek anatomists in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE. [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Celsus]] in ''De Medicina'' states that [[Herophilos]] of Alexandria vivisected some criminals sent by the king. The early Christian writer [[Tertullian]] states that Herophilos vivisected at least 600 live prisoners, although the accuracy of this claim is disputed by many historians.<ref name="galen1">Tertullian, De Anima 10.</ref>

In the 12th century CE, [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] Arab [[Ibn Tufail]] elaborated on human vivisection in his treatise called ''Hayy ibn Yaqzan''. In an extensive article on the subject, Iranian academic [[Nadia Maftouni]] believes him to be among the early supporters of [[autopsy]] and vivisection.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://revistas.comillas.edu/index.php/pensamiento/article/view/7949 | doi=10.14422/pen.v75.i283.y2019.031 | title=Concept of sciart in the Andalusian Ibn Tufail | year=2019 | last1=Maftouni | first1=Nadia | journal=Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica | volume=75 | issue=283 S.Esp | pages=543–551 | s2cid=171734089 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Unit 731]], a [[biological warfare|biological]] and [[chemical warfare]] research and development unit of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]], undertook lethal [[Human subject research|human experimentation]] during the period that comprised both the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and the [[Second World War]] (1937–1945). In the Filipino island of [[Mindanao]], [[Moro people|Moro Muslim]] prisoners of war were subjected to various forms of vivisection by the Japanese, in many cases without anesthesia.<ref name="dissect">{{cite news |author=Richard Lloyd Parry |date=February 25, 2007 |title=Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed |publisher=Times Online |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=December 10, 2009 |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523225449/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece }}</ref><ref name = unmasking>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE2D71630F934A25750C0A963958260&sec=health&spon= "Unmasking Horror"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813182833/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/world/unmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html?sec=health&spon= |date=2022-08-13 }} Nicholas D. Kristof (March 17, 1995) New York Times. A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity</ref>

[[Nazi human experimentation]] involved many medical experiments on live subjects, such as vivisections by [[Josef Mengele]],<ref name="Mengele">{{Cite news |last=Brozan |first=Nadine |date=1982-11-15 |title=OUT OF DEATH, A ZEST FOR LIFE |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/15/style/out-of-death-a-zest-for-life.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2022-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620041446/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/15/style/out-of-death-a-zest-for-life.html |url-status=live }}</ref> usually without anesthesia.<ref name="Ref_i">{{cite web|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/history/mengele/research_5.html |title=Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor – The Crime Library on trutv.com |publisher=Crimelibrary.com |access-date=March 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410044103/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/history/mengele/research_5.html |archive-date=April 10, 2008 }}</ref>