Editing X-bar theory (section)

=== Other phrasal structures ===
* '''[[VP-internal subject hypothesis]]''': A hypothesis on the inner structure of VP proposed by researchers such as Fukui and Speas (1986)<ref>Fukui, Naoki and Speas, Margaret J. (1986) Specifiers and Projection. ''MIT Working Papers in Linguistics'' '''8''': 128–172.</ref> and Kitagawa (1986).<ref>Kitagawa, Yoshihisa (1986). ''Subjects in Japanese and English'', Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts. Reprinted in Kitagawa (1994), Routledge.</ref> It assumes that the sentential subject is base-generated in Spec-VP, not in Spec-IP.
* '''DP Hypothesis''': A hypothesis proposed by Abney (1987),<ref>Abney, Steven P. (1987). ''The English Noun Phrase in Its Sentential Aspect''. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.</ref> according to whom noun phrases are not NPs but DPs headed by the functional category D.
* '''VP shell''': An analysis put forth by Larson (1988),<ref>Larson, Richard K. (1988). On the Double Object Construction. ''Linguistic Inquiry'' '''19''' (3): 335–391.</ref> which assumes two-layered structures of VP. Later in Chomsky (1995a,<ref name="C95a">{{Cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |title=Evolution and revolution in linguistic theory |date=1995 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-0-87840-248-9 |editor-last=Campos |editor-first=Héctor |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=51–109 |chapter=Bare Phrase Structure |editor-last2=Kempchinsky, Paula Marie}}</ref> 1995b<ref name="C95b" />), the higher VP was replaced by ''v''P headed by the functional category ''v'' (little/small v, traditionally written in italics).
* '''PredP Hypothesis''': A hypothesis proposed by Bowers (1993,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bowers|first=John|date=1993|title=The Syntax of Predication|journal=Linguistic Inquiry|volume=24|issue=|pages=591–656}}</ref> 2001<ref>Bowers, John (2001). Predication. In: Mark Baltin and Chris Collins (eds.), ''The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory'', 299–333, Blackwell.</ref>), according to whom [[small clause]]s<ref>Stowell, Timothy (1981). ''Origins of Phrase Structure''. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.</ref> are PredPs headed by the functional category Pred.
* '''[[Bare Phrase Structure]]''' (BPS): A replacement of the X-bar theory put forth by Chomsky (1995a,<ref name="C95a" /> 1995b<ref name="C95b" />). It dispenses with a "template" structure like the X-bar schema, and yields syntactic structures by (iterative applications of) an operation called [[Merge (linguistics)|Merge]], which serves to connect two syntactic objects such as words and phrases into one. Some radical versions of it even reject syntactic category labels such as V and A. See also [[Minimalist Program]].