Editing AM broadcasting (section)

===Organized broadcasting===
{{Pull quote|text=People who weren't around in the Twenties when radio exploded can't know what it meant, this milestone for mankind. Suddenly, with radio, there was instant human communication. No longer were our homes isolated and lonely and silent. The world came into our homes for the first time. Music came pouring in. Laughter came in. News came in. The world shrank, with radio.|author=[[Red Barber]], sportscaster|source=<ref>''The Broadcasters'' by Red Barber, 1970, pp. 11–12.</ref>}}
[[File:Musical Concert by Wireless Telephone (scan) - 23JUL1912.jpg|thumb|In July 1912, Charles "Doc" Herrold began weekly broadcasts in San Jose, California, using an arc transmitter.]]
[[File:German Post Office subscription radio receiver 1923.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Broadcasting in Germany began 1922 as a Post Office monopoly on a subscription basis, using sealed receivers which could only receive one station.]]

Following World War I, the number of stations providing a regular broadcasting service greatly increased, primarily due to advances in vacuum-tube technology. In response to ongoing activities, government regulators eventually codified standards for which stations could make broadcasts intended for the general public, for example, in the United States formal recognition of a "broadcasting service" came with the establishment of regulations effective December 1, 1921,<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066705633&view=1up&seq=200 "Miscellaneous: Amendments to Regulations"], ''Radio Service Bulletin'', January 3, 1922, p. 10.</ref> and Canadian authorities created a separate category of "radio-telephone broadcasting stations" in April 1922.<ref>"Radio Department: Broadcasting Stations", ''Winnipeg Evening Tribune'', April 25, 1922, p. 5.</ref> However, there were numerous cases of entertainment broadcasts being presented on a regular schedule before their formal recognition by government regulators. Some early examples include:

* <u>July 21, 1912.</u> The first person to transmit entertainment broadcasts on a regular schedule appears to have been Charles "Doc" Herrold, who inaugurated weekly programs, using an arc transmitter, from his Wireless School station in San Jose, California.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Will_Give_Concert_by_Wireless_Telephone_-_21JUL1912.jpg "Will Give Concert by Wireless Telephone"], ''San Jose Mercury Herald'', July 21, 1912, page 27.</ref> The broadcasts continued until the station was shut down due to the entrance of the United States into World War I in April 1917.
* <u>March 28, 1914.</u> The [[Robert Goldschmidt#First European scheduled broadcasts|Laeken station]] in Belgium, under the oversight of Robert Goldschmidt, inaugurated a weekly series of concerts,<ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1914-03-29/ed-1/seq-2/ "Hear Tenor Through Wireless"], ''Washington Evening Star'', 29 March 1914, Part one, p. 2.</ref> transmitted at 5:00&nbsp;p.m. on Saturdays. These continued for about four months until July, and were ended by the start of World War I.<ref>[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19340425-1.2.100 "20th Anniversary of First Broadcast"] by Raymond Braillard, ''The (Singapore) Straits Times'', 25 April 1934, p. 17 (reprinted from the British Broadcasting Corporation's ''World-Radio'', 30 March 1934, p. 446) (nlb.gov.sg).</ref> In August 1914 the Laeken facilities were destroyed, to keep them from falling into the hands of invading German troops.
* <u>November 1916.</u> De Forest perfected "Oscillion" power vacuum tubes, capable of use in radio transmitters, and inaugurated daily broadcasts of entertainment and news from his New York "Highbridge" station, [[Radio 2XG|2XG]]. This station also suspended operations in April 1917 due to the prohibition of civilian radio transmissions following the United States' entry into World War I.<ref name="Telephony1916">{{cite journal
  | title = Wireless Transmission of News
  | journal = Telephony
  | volume = 71
  | issue = 27
  | pages = 32–33
  | publisher = Telephony Publishing Co.
  | location = Chicago
  | date = December 30, 1916
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_NQ7AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA20-PT20
  | access-date = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its most publicized program was the broadcasting of election results for the [[1916 United States presidential election|Hughes-Wilson presidential election]] on November 7, 1916, with updates provided by wire from the ''[[New York American]]'' offices. An estimated 7,000 radio listeners as far as 200 miles (320 kilometers) from New York heard election returns interspersed with patriotic music.<ref name="Experimenter1917">[https://archive.org/stream/electricalexperi04gern#page/650/mode/1up "Election Returns Flashed by Radio to 7,000 Amateurs"], ''The Electrical Experimenter'', January 1917, page 650. (archive.org)</ref>
* <u>April 17, 1919.</u> Shortly after the end of World War I, F.&nbsp;S. McCullough at the Glenn L. Martin aviation plant in Cleveland, Ohio, began a weekly series of phonograph concerts.<ref>"Hear Caruso Sing by Wireless Thursday!", ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', April 17, 1919, page 1.</ref> However, the broadcasts were soon suspended, due to interference complaints by the U.S. Navy.<ref>"Stop Wireless Concerts Here", ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', May 29, 1919, p. 9.</ref> 
* <u>November 6, 1919.</u> The first scheduled (pre-announced in the press) Dutch radio broadcast was made by Nederlandsche Radio Industrie station [[PCGG]] at The Hague, which began regular concerts broadcasts. It found it had a large audience outside the Netherlands, mostly in the UK. (Rather than true AM signals, at least initially this station used a form of narrowband FM, which required receivers to be slightly detuned to receive the signals using [[Detector (radio)#Frequency and phase modulation detectors|slope detection]].)<ref>[https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Early-Radio/Archive-Wireless-World-IDX/80s/Wireless-World-1986-02-OCR-Page-0028.pdf "Communications Commentary: PCGG"], ''Electronics & Wireless World'', February 1986, p. 26.</ref>
* <u>Late 1919.</u> De Forest's New York station, 2XG, returned to the airwaves in late 1919 after having to suspend operations during World War I.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-MI7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA295 "Foot Ball Score—Via Wireless Telephone"] by Morris Press, ''Radio Amateur News'', December 1919, pp. 295, 321.</ref> The station continued to operate until early 1920, when it was shut down because the transmitter had been moved to a new location without permission.
* <u>May 20, 1920.</u> Experimental Canadian Marconi station [[CINW|XWA]] (later CFCF, deleted in 2010 as CINW) in Montreal began regular broadcasts,<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9P8tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cYEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1878%2C5556437 "Wireless Concert Given for Ottawa"], ''Montreal Gazette'', May 21, 1920, p. 4.</ref> and claims status as the first commercial broadcaster in the world.
* <u>June 1920.</u> De Forest transferred 2XG's former transmitter to San Francisco, California, where it was relicensed as [[KZY|6XC]], the "California Theater station".<ref>"Ninth California Theatre Concert", ''Pacific Coast Musical Review'', May 29, 1920, page 9.</ref> By June 1920 the station began transmitting daily concerts.<ref>"Electrical Home Visitors to Hear Wireless Concert", ''San Francisco Chronicle'', June 20, 1920, p. 8.</ref> De Forest later stated that this was the "first radio-telephone station devoted solely" to broadcasting to the public.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hSEVAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA936 News by Radiotelephone"] (letter from Lee de Forest), ''Electrical World'', April 23, 1921, p. 936.</ref>
* <u>August 20, 1920.</u> On this date the ''[[Detroit News]]'' began daily transmissions over station [[WWJ (AM)|8MK]] (later WWJ), located in the newspaper's headquarters building. The newspaper began extensively publicizing station operations beginning on August 31, 1920, with a special program featuring primary election returns.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_News_Radiophone_to_Give_Vote_Results_-_31AUG1920.jpg "The News Radiophone To Give Vote Results"], ''Detroit News'', August 31, 1920, pp. 1–2.</ref> Station management later claimed the title of being where "commercial radio broadcasting began".<ref>[https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/45-OCR/1945-08-20-BC-OCR-Page-0031.pdf WWJ (advertisement)], ''Broadcasting Magazine'', August 20, 1945, p. 31. (americanradiohistory.com)</ref>
* <u>November 2, 1920.</u> Beginning on October 17, 1919,<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=731RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VWgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1821%2C536271 "The Radio Amateur: Wireless Telephone Here"] by C. E. Urban, ''Pittsburgh Gazette Times'', Sixth section, p. 13.</ref> Westinghouse engineer [[Frank Conrad]] began broadcasting recorded and live music on a semi-regular schedule from his home station, 8XK in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania. This inspired his employer to begin its own ambitious service at the company's headquarters in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Operations began, initially with the call sign 8ZZ, with an election night program featuring election returns on November 2, 1920.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:To_Give_Election_Results_by_Radio_-_28OCT1920.jpg "To Give Election Results by Radio"], ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', October 28, 1920, p. 10.</ref> As [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]], the station adopted a daily schedule beginning on December 21, 1920.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101051572632&view=1up&seq=558 "KDKA"], ''The Wireless Age'', August 1922, p. 40.</ref> This station is another contender for the title of "first commercial station".
* <u>January 3, 1921.</u> University of Wisconsin - Regular schedule of voice broadcasts begin; 9XM is the first radio station in the United States to provide the weather forecast by voice (January 3). In September, farm market broadcasts are added. On November 1, 9XM carries the first live broadcast of a symphony orchestra—the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra from the UW Armory using a single microphone.<ref name="wprs" />