Editing Abolition of monarchy (section)

== 19th century ==

=== Africa ===

'''Madagascar'''

The monarchy of Madagascar, known as the [[Merina Kingdom]], came to an end in 1897 when France made it a colony and overthrew Queen [[Ranavalona III]].

'''Zimbabwe'''

In 1629, the [[Mwenemutapa]] attempted to throw out the Portuguese. He failed and in turn he himself was overthrown, leading to the Portuguese installation of [[Mavura Mhande Felipe]] on the throne. In 1917, [[Mambo Chioko]], the last king of the dynasty, was killed in battle against the Portuguese.

=== Americas ===

'''Mexico'''

The [[First Mexican Empire]] existed from the September 1821 [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire|Declaration of Independence]] until [[Agustin I of Mexico|the emperor]]'s abdication in March 1823. The [[Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24)|Provisional Government]] took power and the [[First Mexican Republic]] was proclaimed in 1824. Due to [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French intervention]] under [[Napoleon III]], the [[Second Mexican Empire]] lasted from 1864 to 1867, when it collapsed and its Emperor, [[Maximilian I of Mexico]], was executed.

'''Brazil'''

In Brazil, the monarchy was formally established in 1815 through the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] (of which the [[Kingdom of Brazil]] was a constituent state), it evolved into the [[Empire of Brazil]] in 1822, and was abolished in 1889, when Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] was overthrown by a [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|republican military coup]] (the status of the republic was confirmed by [[1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum|a plebiscite in 1993 that resulted in 86% of the votes to the republican government]]).

=== Asia ===

'''Burma'''

The monarchy of Burma was abolished in 1885 when the last king, [[Thibaw Min]], lost his throne and the country was annexed by Britain.

'''South Asia'''

In 1858 the [[Mughal Empire]] came to an end after losing a war against Britain, and its Emperor, [[Bahadur Shah II]], lost his throne.

'''Bengal'''

British rule in Bengal began with the fall of [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. And the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Bengal Nawabs]] came to an end.

=== Europe ===

'''Italy'''

Between 1859 and 1861, four monarchies in Southern Europe ceased to exist ([[Duchy of Parma|Parma]], [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Modena]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] and [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|the Two Sicilies]]) when they all became part of the new [[Kingdom of Italy]].

'''Spain'''

In Spain monarchy was abolished from 1873 to 1874 by the [[First Spanish Republic]], but then restored until 1931.

=== Pacific ===

'''Hawaii'''

In 1893 foreign business leaders overthrew Queen [[Liliʻuokalani]] of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. They established a [[Republic of Hawaii|republic]], which was annexed by the United States in 1898.

'''Tahiti'''

The monarchy of Tahiti came to an end in 1880 when France made it a colony and overthrew King [[Pōmare V]].

'''Manu'a'''

After ceding sovereignty of the [[Manuʻa Islands|Manu'a]] islands of modern-day American Samoa to the United States in 1904, the last [[Tui Manu'a|King of Manu'a]], [[Tui Manuʻa Elisala|Tui Manu'a Elisara]], died on 2 July 1909. All attempts to revive the position since his death have been met with opposition by the United States Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tufele; Young v.|url=https://new.asbar.org/case-law/tufele-young-v/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=American Samoa Bar Associations|language=en-US}}</ref>