Editing Absolute pitch (section)

===Nature vs. nurture===
Absolute pitch might be achievable by any human being during a [[critical period]] of auditory development,<ref name="Sakakibara, 2004">{{cite journal |author=Sakakibara, A. |year=2004 |title= Why Are People Able to Acquire Absolute Pitch Only During Early Childhood?|journal=The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology|volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=485–496|doi=10.5926/jjep1953.52.4_485 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Chin, 2003">{{cite journal |author=Chin, C. |year=2003 |title= The Development of Absolute Pitch: A Theory Concerning the Roles of Music Training at an Early Developmental Age and Individual Cognitive Style|journal=Psychology of Music|volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=155–171 |doi=10.1177/0305735603031002292|s2cid=145615433 }}</ref> after which period [[cognitive]] strategies favor global and relational processing. Proponents of the critical-period theory agree that the presence of absolute pitch ability is dependent on learning, but there is disagreement about whether training causes absolute skills to occur<ref name="Oura & Eguchi, 1982">{{cite journal |author1=Oura, Y. |author2=Eguchi, K. |year=1982 |title=Absolute pitch training program for children |journal=Music Education Research |volume=32 |pages=162–171}}</ref><ref name="Sakakibara, 1999">{{cite journal |author=Sakakibara, A. |year=1999 |title=A longitudinal study of a process for acquiring absolute pitch |journal=The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology|volume=47|pages=19–27 |doi=10.5926/jjep1953.47.1_19 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Miyazaki, 2006">{{cite journal |author=Miyazaki, K. |year=2006 |title=Learning of absolute pitch by children |journal=Music Perception|volume=24 | issue=1 |page=63 |doi=10.1525/mp.2006.24.1.63|last2=Ogawa |first2=Yoko}}</ref><ref name="Lau, 2004">{{cite journal |author=Lau, C.K. |year=2004 |title=The acquisition of absolute pitch for the mainstreamed, special educational needs and academically talented under Lau Chiu Kay Music Educatherapy |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=116 |issue=4 |page=2580 |bibcode=2004ASAJ..116.2580L |doi=10.1121/1.4785301}}</ref> or lack of training causes absolute perception to be overwhelmed and obliterated by relative perception of [[interval (music)|musical intervals]].<ref name="Abraham_1901">{{cite journal |author=Abraham, O. |year=1901 |title=Das absolute tonbewußtsein |journal=Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft |volume=3 |pages=1–86}}[http://www.aruffo.com/eartraining/research/articles/abraham01.htm Full text] [http://www.aruffo.com/eartraining/research/articles/abraham01e.htm Full text (English)]</ref><ref name="Saffran and Griepentrog, 2001">{{cite journal |author=Saffran, J. R. |author2=Griepentrog, G. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Absolute pitch in infant auditory learning: Evidence for developmental reorganization |journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=37 |pages=74–85 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.37.1.74 |pmid=11206435 |issue=1 |url=http://elias.it.helsinki.fi/psyko/Opetus/HYPsykol.nsf/e9472accfeea83abc2256c4c0049705b/7a21adcc12795596c2257203003caf04/$FILE/Minna-9-Saffran01DevPsy.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

One or more genetic [[Locus (genetics)|loci]] could affect absolute pitch ability, a predisposition for learning the ability or signal the likelihood of its spontaneous occurrence.<ref name="Theusch, E. et al.">{{cite journal |author1=Theusch, E. |author2=Basu, A. |author3=Gitschier, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=Genome-wide Study of Families with Absolute Pitch Reveals Linkage to 8q24.21 and Locus Heterogeneity |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=85 |pages=112–119 |doi= 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.06.010 |pmid=19576568 |issue=1 |pmc=2706961}}</ref><ref name="gregersen_2013">{{cite journal |author=Gregersen, P.K. |author2=Kowalsky, E. |author3=Lee, A. |author4=Baron-Cohen, S. |author5=Fisher, S.E. |author6=Asher, J.E. |author7=Ballard, D. |author8=Freudenberg, J. |author9=Li, W. |name-list-style=amp| title=Absolute pitch exhibits phenotypic and genetic overlap with synesthesia | journal=Human Molecular Genetics| volume= 22 | issue=10| pages= 2097–104| year=2013 | doi=10.1093/hmg/ddt059| pmid=23406871 | pmc=4707203}}</ref><ref name="Drayna, D. et al.">{{cite journal |author1=Drayna, D. |author2=Manichaikul, A. |author3=DeLange, M. |author4=Snieder, H. |author5=Spector, T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Genetic correlates of musical pitch recognition in humans |journal=Science|volume=291 |pages=1969–1972 |doi=10.1126/science.291.5510.1969 |pmid=11239158 |issue=5510 |bibcode=2001Sci...291.1969D|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231183 }}</ref>

Researchers have been trying to teach absolute pitch ability in laboratory settings for more than a century,<ref name="Meyer_1899">{{cite journal |author=Meyer, M. |year=1899 |title=Is the memory of absolute pitch capable of development by training? |journal=Psychological Review|volume=6 |pages=514–516 |doi=10.1037/h0069034 |issue=5| url=http://www.aruffo.com/eartraining/research/articles/meyer99.htm|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and various commercial absolute-pitch training courses have been offered to the public since the early 1900s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Maryon, E. |year=1924 |title=The Science of Tone-Color |publisher=C. C. Birchard & Co. |location=Boston |url=http://www.greylodge.org/occultreview/glor_003/Marcotone.pdf |access-date=September 5, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106221633/http://www.greylodge.org/occultreview/glor_003/Marcotone.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2006 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In 2013, experimenters reported that adult men who took the antiseizure drug [[valproate]] (VPA) "learned to identify pitch significantly better than those taking placebo—evidence that VPA facilitated critical-period learning in the adult human brain".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3389/fnsys.2013.00102| pmid=24348349| title=Valproate reopens critical-period learning of absolute pitch| year=2013| last1=Gervain| first1=Judit|author-link1=Judit Gervain| last2=Vines| first2=Bradley W.| last3=Chen| first3=Lawrence M.| last4=Seo| first4=Rubo J.| last5=Hensch| first5=Takao K.| last6=Werker| first6=Janet F.| last7=Young| first7=Allan H.| journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience| volume=7| page=102| doi-access=free| pmc=3848041}}</ref> However, no adult has ever been documented to have acquired absolute listening ability,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Levitin, D. J. |author2=Rogers, S. E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Absolute pitch: Perception, coding, and controversies |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|volume=9 |year=2005 |pages=26–33 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2004.11.007 |pmid=15639438 |issue=1 |s2cid=15346652 |url=http://www.zainea.com/absolpitch.pdf |access-date=June 11, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322032152/http://www.zainea.com/absolpitch.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> because all adults who have been formally tested after AP training have failed to demonstrate "an unqualified level of accuracy... comparable to that of AP possessors".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Takeuchi, A. H. |author2=Hulse, S. H. |name-list-style=amp |title=Absolute pitch |journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=345–61 |year=1993 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.345 |pmid=8451339}}</ref>