Editing Academic administration (section)

===United States===

====Presidents and chancellors====

In the United States, a college or university is typically supervised by a [[University president|president]] or [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] who reports regularly to a [[board of trustees]] (made up of individuals from outside the institution) and who acts as [[chief executive officer]]. Most large colleges and universities now use an administrative structure with a tier of vice presidents, among whom the [[Provost (education)|provost]] (or vice president for academic affairs, or academic dean) as the chief academic officer. Although the demographic picture of university leadership is changing, the majority of academic administrators remain middle-aged white men.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Tracy L. |last2=Laipple |first2=Joseph S. |title=How prepared are academic administrators? Leadership and job satisfaction within US research universities |journal=Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management}}</ref>

=====Remuneration of presidents and chancellors=====
The ten highest-paid administrators at private colleges earn an average of about $2.5 million per year, while at public colleges the figure is $1.4 million. These figures includes both base pay and other income.<ref>{{cite web
 | url =https://www.chronicle.com/interactives/executive-compensation
 | title =Executive Compensation at Public and Private Colleges
 | date =14 July 2019
 | website =[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]
 | access-date =27 July 2019 }}</ref>

==== Deans ====

[[Dean (education)|Deans]] may supervise various and more specific aspects of the institution, or may be CEOs of entire campuses.  They may report directly to the president or chancellor. The division of responsibility among deans varies widely among institutions; some are chiefly responsible for clusters of academic fields (such as the [[humanities]] or [[natural sciences]]) or whole academic units (such as a [[graduate school]] or [[college]]), while others are responsible for non-academic but campus-wide concerns such as [[minority group|minority]] affairs.  In some cases a [[provost (education)|provost]] supervises the institution's entire academic staff, occupying a position generally superior to any dean.  In other instances the Dean of a College may be the equivalent to a Provost or Vice Chancellor or Vice President for Academic Affairs.  Below deans in the administrative hierarchy are heads of individual [[academic department]]s and of individual administrative departments.  These heads (commonly styled "chairs" or "directors") then supervise the faculty and staff of their individual departments.

==== Departmental Chairs ====

The Chair of a department is typically a tenured or at least tenure-track faculty member, supported by administrative staff.

'''Administrative expansion'''

The number of administrators on university campuses has grown dramatically in recent decades, one reason that the rise in college tuition costs has outstripped the rate of inflation.<ref>Jenny Rogers, [https://www.chronicle.com/article/3-to-1-thats-the-best-ratio-of-tenure-track-faculty-to-administrators-a-study-concludes/?sra=true&cid=gen_sign_in#:~:text=In%20the%20long-running%20debate%20over%20how%20many%20administrators,or%20tenure-track%20faculty%20for%20every%20one%20full-time%20administrator. "3 to 1: That’s the Best Ratio of Tenure-Track Faculty to Administrators, a Study Concludes."] ''Chronicle of HIgher Education'', Nov. 1, 2012.</ref><ref>Richard Vedder, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardvedder/2020/08/03/who-is-ruining-our-universities--administrators/?sh=194ad1d314df "Who Is Ruining Our Universities? Administrators!"] ''Forbes'', Aug 3, 2020.</ref><ref>Paul Weinstein Jr., [https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulweinstein/2023/08/28/administrative-bloat-at-us-colleges-is-skyrocketing/ "Administrative Bloat At U.S. Colleges Is Skyrocketing."] ''Forbes'', Aug. 29, 2023.</ref><ref>LaMont Jones, Jr., [https://www.usnews.com/education/articles/one-culprit-in-rising-college-costs#:~:text=One%20Culprit%20in%20Rising%20College,Administrative%20Expenses%20%7C%20Education%20%7C%20U.S.%20News "One Culprit in Rising College Costs: Administrative Expenses Colleges and universities are spending more on administration and less on instruction. Here's what that means for students."] ''U.S. News & World Report'', June 1, 2023.</ref><ref>Carter Evans ,[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/college-tuition-cost-rise-loans-administrative-bloat/ "How demand and administrative costs are driving up the cost of college."] CBS News, February 21, 2024.</ref><ref>Matthew Crenson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240307075221/https://www.baltimoresun.com/2024/03/03/why-is-college-so-expensive-one-answer-administrative-bloat-guest-commentary/ "Why is college so expensive? One answer: ‘administrative bloat’."] ''The Baltimore Sun'', March 3, 2024</ref><ref>Gary Smith, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240423152913/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/04/23/save-colleges-chatbots-administrators-satire/ "How to fix college finances? Eliminate faculty, then students."] ''The Washington Post'', April 23, 2024.</ref>