Editing Affirmative action (section)

===Asia===
====China====
{{main|Affirmative action in China}}
There is affirmative action in education for minority nationalities in China, this may equate to lowering minimum requirements for the National University Entrance Examination, which is a mandatory exam for all students to enter university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/edoas/website18/30/info26630.htm|title=Graduate Student Admission Ordainment – Ministry of Education, PRC|accessdate=31 March 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mzzjw.gd.gov.cn/mzjy/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=541 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105011631/http://www.mzzjw.gd.gov.cn/mzjy/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=541 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of Guangdong Province |publisher=Mzzjw.gd.gov.cn |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=11 April 2012 }}</ref> [[Liangshaoyikuan]] refers a policy in China on affirmative action in [[criminal justice]].

====Israel====
A class-based affirmative action policy was incorporated into the admission practices of the four most selective universities in [[Israel]] during the early to mid-2000s. In evaluating the eligibility of applicants, neither their financial status nor their national or ethnic origins are considered; the emphasis is on structural disadvantages, especially neighborhood socioeconomic status and high school rigor, although several individual hardships are also weighed. This policy made the four institutions, especially the echelons at the most selective departments, more diverse than they otherwise would have been. Proponents of this model have said that rising geographic, economic and demographic diversity of the student population suggests the focus on structural determinants of disadvantage yields broad diversity dividends.<ref name="Alon 2011">{{cite journal |author=Alon, Sigal |year=2011 |title=The Diversity Dividends of a Need-blind and Color-blind Affirmative Action Policy |pages=1494–1505 |journal= Social Science Research |volume=40 |issue=6 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.05.005 }}</ref>

In civil service employment, Israeli citizens who are women, Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are supported by affirmative action policies.<ref name="moital.gov.il">{{cite web|url=http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/8C492E47-135C-4B82-84D7-C62254B8BFEF.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201010211/http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/8C492E47-135C-4B82-84D7-C62254B8BFEF.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2013|title=משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה|website=משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> Israeli citizens who are Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are also entitled to full university scholarships from the state.<ref name="che.org.il">[http://che.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%A1-1-%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%93.pdf החלטות ישיבת הוועדה לתכנון ולתקצוב מס'1)100] Council for Higher Education (in Hebrew). Retrieved 31 March 2023</ref>

====India====
{{Main|Reservation in India}}

Reservation in India is a form of affirmative action designed to improve the well-being of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SC/ST), and [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC), defined primarily by their caste. Members of these categories comprise about two-thirds of the population of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf |title=2011 Census Primary Census Abstract |work=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOI2007">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBCs-form-41-of-population-Survey/articleshow/2328117.cms|title=OBCs form 41% of population: Survey|access-date=21 November 2020|work=[[Times of India]]|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Company]]|date=1 September 2007|url-status=live|archive-date=17 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417023834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBCs-form-41-of-population-Survey/articleshow/2328117.cms}}</ref> According to the [[Constitution of India]], up to 50% of all government-run higher education admissions and government job vacancies may be reserved for members of the SC/ST/OBC-NCL categories, and 10% for those in [[Economically Weaker Section]]s (EWS), with the remaining unreserved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/cabinet-approves-10-pc-711767.html|title=Govt OKs 10% job quota for economically weaker sections|date=7 January 2019|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/big-move-by-modi-government-ahead-of-polls-announces-10-quota-for-upper-castes-reports/articleshow/67418661.cms|title=Modi govt announces 10 per cent quota for economically backward in general category|date=7 January 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Indian National Sample Survey]] found that 12% of surveyed Indian households had received academic scholarships, with 94% being on account of SC/ST/OBC membership, 2% based on financial weakness and 0.7% based on merit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/rediff-labs-can-you-guess-how-many-indians-get-merit-based-scholarships/20140901.htm|title=Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarships|work=Rediff|access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
Indonesia has offered affirmative action for [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|native Papuans]] in education, government civil worker selection, and police & army selection.<ref>{{Cite web|title=777 Putra Asli Papua Lolos Program Beasiswa ADIK dan ADEM|url=https://kumparan.com/bumi-papua/777-putra-asli-papua-lolos-program-beasiswa-adik-dan-adem-1rUFs1b6OUB|access-date=6 August 2020|website=kumparan|language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afirmasi Pendidikan Tinggi – Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia|url=https://adik.kemdikbud.go.id/|access-date=6 August 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Debora |first=Yantina |editor-last=Hartanto |editor-first=Agung Dwi |title=Seleksi CPNS KKP 2019–2020: Ada Kekhususan Bagi Orang Papua |url=https://tirto.id/seleksi-cpns-kkp-2019-2020-ada-kekhususan-bagi-orang-papua-ewR4 |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=tirto.id |date=4 February 2020 |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rumagit |first=Alfian |date=25 February 2020 |editor-last=Jauhary |editor-first=Andi |title=OAP calon siswa Bintara Noken di Papua capai 2.407 orang |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1319146/oap-calon-siswa-bintara-noken-di-papua-capai-2407-orang |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=Antara News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Redaksi|title=Gercin Minta Kapolri Akomodir OAP Masuk Akpol {{!}} Papua Today|date=22 March 2019 |url=https://www.papuatoday.com/2019/03/22/gercin-minta-kapolri-akomodir-oap-masuk-akpol/|access-date=6 August 2020|language=id-ID}}</ref> After the [[2019 Papua protests]], many Papuan students chose to abandon their scholarship and return to their respective provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yunelia |first=Intan |date=3 October 2019 |title=Siswa SMA Penerima Beasiswa Memilih Pulang ke Papua |url=https://www.medcom.id/pendidikan/news-pendidikan/eN4Rz4ok-siswa-sma-penerima-beasiswa-memilih-pulang-ke-papua |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=medcom.id |language=id}}</ref> The program has been subject to criticism, with complaints made towards a lack of sufficient quotas and alleged corruption. [[Prabowo Subianto]], Indonesian [[Ministry of Defense (Indonesia)|defense minister]], has expressed that he will direct more effort towards recruiting Papuans to the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Prabowo Disebut Bakal Perbanyak Prajurit TNI Asal Papua |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191212091931-32-456266/prabowo-disebut-bakal-perbanyak-prajurit-tni-asal-papua |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=nasional |language=id-ID}}</ref> Education scholarship by [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Education and Culture]], called ADik to the native Papuans and students from perhipery regions close to Indonesian border.<ref>{{Cite web|last=INDBeasiswa|title=Beasiswa ADik untuk Pelajar Papua dan 3T • INDBeasiswa|date=10 May 2019 |url=https://indbeasiswa.com/2019/05/beasiswa-adik-untuk-pelajar-papua-daerah-3t.html|access-date=24 February 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasikhah |first=Nunung |date=10 December 2019 |title=Mengenal ADik, Beasiswa Kuliah S1 dari Pemerintah RI untuk Generasi Papua dan Daerah 3T |url=https://www.urbanasia.com/mengenal-adik-beasiswa-kuliah-s1-dari-pemerintah-ri-untuk-generasi-papua-dan-daerah-3t-U6573 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=www.urbanasia.com |language=id}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
{{See also|Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Ketuanan Melayu}}

The [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]] (NEP) is a form of ethnicity-based affirmative action aimed at addressing socioeconomic disadvantages among those who are deemed "Bumiputera", which includes the Malay population, [[Orang Asli]], and the indigenous people of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]], who together form a majority of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravallion1|first=Martin|title=Ethnic Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia|url=http://www.ecineq.org/ecineq_paris19/papers_EcineqPSE/paper_406.pdf|publisher=[[Georgetown University]], [[University of Malaya]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Malaysia-POVERTY-AND-WEALTH.html |title=Encyclopedia of the Nations, "Malaysia Poverty and Wealth" |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mason|first1=Richard|title=The 'Bumiputera Policy': Dynamics and Dilemmas|last2=Omar|first2=Ariffin|publisher=[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]]|year=2004|isbn=|location=Malaysia}}</ref> Within Malaysia, the Malays (representing 58% of the population) have lower incomes than [[Chinese Malaysian]]s (22% of the population) and [[Indian Malaysian]]s (6% of the population), who have traditionally been involved in businesses and industries, and who were also general migrant workers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravallion1|first=Martin|title=Ethnic Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia|url=http://www.ecineq.org/ecineq_paris19/papers_EcineqPSE/paper_406.pdf|publisher=[[Georgetown University]], [[University of Malaya]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Malaysia-POVERTY-AND-WEALTH.html |title=Encyclopedia of the Nations, "Malaysia Poverty and Wealth" |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> The mean income for Malays, Chinese and Indians in 1957/58 were 134, 288 and 228 respectively. In 1967/68 it was 154, 329 and 245, and in 1970 it was 170, 390 and 300. Mean income disparity ratio for Chinese/Malays rose from 2.1 in 1957/58 to 2.3 in 1970, whereas for Indians/Malays the disparity ratio also rose from 1.7 to 1.8 in the same period.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perumal |first=M. |year=1989 |title=Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Malaysia, 1957–1984 |journal=Singapore Economic Review |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=33–46 }}</ref>

To address these inequalities, following the sectarian violence of the [[13 May incident]] in 1969, the NEP was introduced as a time-limited policy, which was supposed to expire after 20 years but remains policy to this day. Although the NEP has succeeded in creating a significant urban Malay and [[Borneo|Native Bornean]] middle class, it has been less effective in eradicating poverty among rural communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U47j2dS6C_I|title=Malaysia ethnic tribes 'forced to convert'|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXLHBZvUhrQ|title=Quickiepedia &#124; Outcasts in their own land – The Orang Asli|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Critics say it has widened disparities between the wealthy and middle classes, and those who are poorest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/492357|title=The real issue is intra-Malay economic inequality|first=Nik Nazmi Nik|last=Ahmad|date=18 September 2019|website=Malaysiakini}}</ref> It has also been described as racially discriminatory.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Never Ending Policy|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2013/04/27/a-never-ending-policy|access-date=20 April 2019|newspaper=The Economist|date=27 April 2013}}</ref>

====Taiwan====
A 2004 legislation requires that, for a firm with 100 employees or more wishing to compete for government contracts, at least 1 percent of its employees must be [[Taiwanese aborigines]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-7/|title=Taiwan: Indigenous peoples |website = Minority Rights Group International|date=19 June 2015 }}</ref> Ministry of Education and [[Council of Indigenous Peoples|Council of Aboriginal Affairs]] announced in 2002 that Taiwanese Aboriginal students would have their high-school or undergraduate entrance exams boosted by 33% for demonstrating some knowledge of their tribal language and culture.<ref name="HolsingerJacob2009">{{cite book|author1=Donald B. Holsinger|author2=W. James Jacob |title=Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-lIGaO2-aq4C&pg=PA295 |date=29 May 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2652-1|page=295}}</ref> The percentage of boost have been revised several times, and the latest percentage is 35% in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web | url= http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawOldVer.aspx?Pcode=H0020031&LNNDATE=20130819&LSER=001 | title=原住民學生升學保障及原住民公費留學辦法(民國 102 年08月19 日 )|trans-title=Aboriginal Students Enrollment Guarantee and Public Funding for Aboriginal Study Abroad Act | publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)]] | language=zh}}</ref>