Editing Allosaurus (section)

===Formerly assigned species and fossils===
[[File:Antrodemus.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Antrodemus]] valens'' holotype tail vertebra (above) compared to the same of ''Allosaurus'' (below)]]
Several species initially classified within or referred to ''Allosaurus'' do not belong within the genus. ''A. medius'' was named by Marsh in 1888 for various specimens from the [[Early Cretaceous]] [[Arundel Formation]] of [[Maryland]],<ref name=OCM88>{{cite journal |last=Marsh |first=Othniel Charles |year=1888 |title=Notice of a new genus of Sauropoda and other new dinosaurs from the Potomac Formation |journal=American Journal of Science |series=Series 3 |volume=35 |issue=205 |pages=89–94 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-35.205.89 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1450082 |bibcode=1888AmJS...35...89M |s2cid=130879860 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117164000/https://zenodo.org/record/1450082 |url-status=live }}</ref> although most of the remains were removed by [[R. S. Lull|Richard Swann Lull]] to the new ornithopod species ''[[Dryosaurus|Dryosaurus grandis]]'', except for a tooth.<ref name=RSL11>{{cite journal |last=Lull |first=Richard Swann | year=1911 |title=The Reptilia of the Arundel Formation |journal=Maryland Geological Survey: Lower Cretaceous |pages=173–178}}</ref> It was transferred to ''Antrodemus'' by Oliver Hay in 1902, but Hay later clarified that this was an inexplicable error on his part.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hay |first=Oliver Perry |date=1902 |title=Bibliography and catalogue of the fossil vertebrata of North America |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b179 |journal=Bulletin |page=23 |doi=10.3133/b179 |bibcode=1902usgs.rept....1H |hdl=2346/65015 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321191229/https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b179 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hay |first=Oliver Perry |date=1908 |title=On certain genera and species of carnivorous dinosaurs, with special reference to Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh |url=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/14046 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.35-1648.351 |journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum|volume=35 |issue=1648|pages=351–366|hdl=10088/14046 }}</ref> Gilmore considered the tooth nondiagnostic but transferred it to ''[[Dryptosaurus]]'', as ''D. medius''.<ref name=CWG20/> The referral was not accepted in the most recent review of basal tetanurans, and ''Allosaurus medius'' was simply listed as a dubious species of theropod.<ref name=HMC04/> It may be closely related to ''[[Acrocanthosaurus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theropoddatabase.com/Neotheropoda.htm#Allosaurusmedius|title=Neotheropoda|publisher=The Theropod Database|access-date=September 28, 2018|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524172840/https://theropoddatabase.com/Neotheropoda.htm#Allosaurusmedius|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Allosaurus valens'' is a new combination for ''Antrodemus valens'' used by Friedrich von Huene in 1932;<ref name=DJC00/> ''Antrodemus valens'' itself may also pertain to ''Allosaurus fragilis'',<ref name=HMC04/> as [[Charles W. Gilmore|Gilmore]] suggested in 1920.<ref name=CWG20/>

''A. lucaris'', another Marsh name, was given to a partial skeleton in 1878.<ref name=OCM78/> He later decided it warranted its own genus, ''Labrosaurus'',<ref name=OCM79/> but this has not been accepted, and ''A. lucaris'' is also regarded as another specimen of ''A. fragilis''.<ref name=HMC04/> ''Allosaurus lucaris'', is known mostly from vertebrae, sharing characters with ''Allosaurus''.<ref name="marsh1878">{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=O.C.|year=1878|title=Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles |url=http://marsh.dinodb.com/marsh/Marsh%201878%20-%20Notice%20of%20new%20dinosaurian%20reptiles.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://marsh.dinodb.com/marsh/Marsh%201878%20-%20Notice%20of%20new%20dinosaurian%20reptiles.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=15 |issue=87 |pages=241–244|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-15.87.241|bibcode=1878AmJS...15..241M|s2cid=131371457}}</ref> Paul and Carpenter stated that the type specimen of this species, YPM 1931, was from a younger age than ''Allosaurus'', and might represent a different genus. However, they found that the specimen was undiagnostic, and thus ''A. lucaris'' was a ''nomen dubium''.<ref name=GPKC2010/>

''Allosaurus sibiricus'' was described in 1914 by A. N. Riabinin on the basis of a bone, later identified as a partial fourth metatarsal, from the Early Cretaceous of [[Republic of Buryatia|Buryatia]], Russia.<ref name=ANNR14>{{cite journal |last=Riabinin |first=Anatoly Nikolaenvich |year=1914 |title=Zamtka o dinozavry ise Zabaykalya |journal=Trudy Geologichyeskago Muszeyah imeni Petra Velikago Imperatorskoy Academiy Nauk |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=133–140 |language=ru}}</ref> It was transferred to ''Chilantaisaurus'' in 1990,<ref name=MKD90>{{cite book |last1=Molnar |first1=Ralph E. |last2=Kurzanov, Sergei M. |last3= Dong Zhiming |year=1990 |chapter=Carnosauria |editor=Weishampel, David B. |editor2=Dodson, Peter |editor3=Osmólska, Halszka |title=The Dinosauria |edition=1st |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |pages=169–209 |isbn=978-0-520-06727-1}}</ref> but is now considered a ''nomen dubium'' indeterminate beyond Theropoda.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | last1 = Carrano | first1 = Benson | last2 = Sampson | year = 2012 | title = The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) | journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | volume = 10 | issue = 2| pages = 211–300 | doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.630927| bibcode = 2012JSPal..10..211C | s2cid = 85354215 }}</ref>

''Allosaurus meriani'' was a new combination by George Olshevsky for ''[[Megalosaurus]] meriani'' Greppin, 1870, based on a tooth from the Late Jurassic of Switzerland.<ref name=JG70>{{cite journal |last=Greppin |first=J.B. |year=1870 |title=Description geologique du Jura bernois et de quelques districts adjacents |journal=Beiträge zur Geologischen Karte der Schweiz |volume=8 |pages=1–357 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>Olshevsky, 1978. The archosaurian taxa (excluding the Crocodylia). Mesozoic Meanderings. 1, 1–50.</ref> However, a recent overview of ''Ceratosaurus'' included it in ''Ceratosaurus'' sp.<ref name=MW00/>

''[[Apatodon|Apatodon mirus]]'', based on a scrap of vertebra Marsh first thought to be a mammalian jaw, has been listed as a synonym of ''Allosaurus fragilis''.<ref>Olshevsky, G., 1991, A revision of the parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings 2, 196 pp</ref><ref name=DFG97/> However, it was considered indeterminate beyond Dinosauria by Chure,<ref name=DJC00/> and Mickey Mortimer believes that the synonymy of ''Apatodon'' with ''Allosaurus'' was due to correspondence to Ralph Molnar by John McIntosh, whereby the latter reportedly found a paper saying that Othniel Charles Marsh admitted that the ''Apatodon'' holotype was actually an allosaurid dorsal vertebra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theropoddatabase.com/Non-theropods.htm#Apatodonmirus|title=Apatodonmirus|publisher=The Theropod Database|access-date=September 28, 2018|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161057/https://theropoddatabase.com/Non-theropods.htm#Apatodonmirus|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Clash of Titans Saurophaganax and Apatosaurus.jpg|thumb|upright|Mounted skeletons showing ''[[Saurophaganax]]'' as an ''Allosaurus''-like taxon attacking ''[[Apatosaurus]]'' sp., in [[Oklahoma Museum of Natural History]]. The latter dinosaur may be closer to the actual identity of ''Saurophaganax'', and the former instead represents ''A. anax'']]
''A. amplexus'' was named by [[Gregory S. Paul]] for giant Morrison allosaur remains, and included in his conception ''Saurophagus maximus'' (later ''Saurophaganax'').<ref name=GSP88/> ''A. amplexus'' was originally coined by Cope in 1878 as the type species of his new genus ''[[Epanterias]]'',<ref name=EDC78>{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=Edward Drinker |year=1878 |title=A new opisthocoelous dinosaur |journal=American Naturalist |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=406–408 |doi=10.1086/272127|doi-access=free }}</ref> and is based on what is now AMNH 5767, parts of three vertebrae, a [[coracoid]], and a metatarsal.<ref name=OM21>{{cite journal |last1=Osborn |first1=Henry Fairfield |author-link1=Henry Fairfield Osborn |last2=Mook, Charles C. |year=1921 |title=''Camarasaurus'', ''Amphicoelias'', and other sauropods of Cope |journal=Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History |series=New Series |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=247–387 |bibcode=1919GSAB...30..379O |doi=10.1130/GSAB-30-379 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015042532476 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Following Paul's work, this species has been accepted as a synonym of ''A. fragilis''.<ref name=HMC04/> A 2010 neotype designation by Greogry S. Paul and Kenneth Carpenter, however, suggested that ''Epanterias'' holotype is temporally younger than the ''A. fragilis'' type specimen, and that it is not the same taxon as the ''Allosaurus'' holotype.<ref name=GPKC2010/>

''A. maximus'' was a new combination by David K. Smith for Chure's ''Saurophaganax maximus'', a taxon created by Chure in 1995 for giant allosaurid remains from the Morrison of Oklahoma. These remains had been known as ''Saurophagus'', but that name was already in use, leading Chure to propose a substitute.<ref name=DJC95/> Smith, in his 1998 analysis of variation, concluded that ''S. maximus'' was not different enough from ''Allosaurus'' to be a separate genus, but did warrant its own species, ''A. maximus''.<ref name=DKS98/> This reassignment was rejected in a review of basal tetanurans.<ref name=HMC04/> A 2024 reassessment of fossil material assigned to ''Saurophaganax'' suggested that the holotype neural arch of this taxon could not confidently be assigned to a theropod, but that it exhibited some similarities to sauropods. Other ''Saurophaganax'' bones could be referred to diplodocid sauropods. As such, the researchers assigned the remaining theropod bones to a new species of ''Allosaurus'', ''A. anax''.<ref name="DEA24"/>

There are also several species left over from the synonymizations of ''Creosaurus'' and ''Labrosaurus'' with ''Allosaurus''. ''[[Capitalsaurus|Creosaurus potens]]'' was named by Lull in 1911 for a vertebra from the Early Cretaceous of Maryland.<ref name=RSL11/> It is now regarded as a dubious theropod.<ref name=HMC04/> ''Labrosaurus stechowi'', described in 1920 by Janensch based on isolated ''Ceratosaurus''-like teeth from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania,<ref name=WJ20>{{cite journal |last=Janensch |first=Werner |year=1920 |title=Uber ''Elaphrosaurus bambergi'' und die Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafricas |journal=Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin |volume=8 |pages=225–235}}</ref> was listed by [[Donald F. Glut]] as a species of ''Allosaurus'',<ref name=DFG97/> is now considered a dubious ceratosaurian related to ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''.<ref name=MW00/><ref name=TR04>Tykoski, Ronald S.; and Rowe, Timothy. (2004). "Ceratosauria", in ''The Dinosauria'' (2nd). 47–70.</ref> ''L. sulcatus'', named by Marsh in 1896 for a Morrison theropod tooth,<ref name=OCM96/> which like ''L. stechowi'' is now regarded as a dubious ''Ceratosaurus''-like ceratosaur.<ref name=MW00/><ref name=TR04/>

[[File:Allosaurus tendagurensis.jpg|thumb|left|''A. tendagurensis'' tibia, Naturkunde Museum Berlin]]
''A. tendagurensis'' was named in 1925 by [[Werner Janensch]] for a partial [[Tibia|shin]] (MB.R.3620) found in the Kimmeridgian-age [[Tendaguru Formation]] in [[Mtwara Region|Mtwara]], Tanzania.<ref name=WJ25>{{cite journal |last=Janensch |first=Werner |year=1925 |title=Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas |journal=Palaeontographica |issue=Suppl. 7 |volume=1 |pages=1–99 |language=de }}</ref> Although tabulated as a tentatively valid species of ''Allosaurus'' in the second edition of the Dinosauria,<ref name=HMC04/> subsequent studies place it as indeterminate beyond Tetanurae, either a carcharodontosaurian or megalosaurid.<ref name=OWMR05>{{cite journal |last=Rauhut |first=Oliver W.M. |year=2005 |title=Post-cranial remains of 'coelurosaurs' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania |journal=Geological Magazine |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1017/S0016756804000330 |bibcode=2005GeoM..142...97R |s2cid=131517482 |url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/22460 }}</ref><ref name=OR2011>{{cite journal |last=Rauhut |first=Oliver W. M. |title=Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania) |journal=Special Papers in Palaeontology |volume=86 |pages=195–239 }}</ref> Although obscure, it was a large theropod, possibly around {{convert|10|m}} long and {{convert|2.5|t|}} in weight.<ref name=MMDML03/>

Kurzanov and colleagues in 2003 designated six teeth from Siberia as ''Allosaurus'' sp. (meaning the authors found the specimens to be most like those of ''Allosaurus'', but did not or could not assign a species to them).<ref name=KEG03>{{cite journal |last1=Kurzanov |first1=Sergei S. |last2=Efimov, Mikhail B. |last3= Gubin, Yuri M. |year=2003 |title=New archosaurs from the Jurassic of Siberia and Mongolia |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=53–57}}</ref> They were reclassified as an indeterminate theropod.<ref name=":0"/> Also, reports of ''Allosaurus'' in [[Shanxi]], China go back to at least 1982.<ref name=DFG82>{{cite book |last=Glut |first=Donald F. |title=The New Dinosaur Dictionary |year=1982 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-8065-0782-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newdinosaurdicti00glut/page/44 44] |url=https://archive.org/details/newdinosaurdicti00glut/page/44 }}</ref> These were interpreted as ''[[Torvosaurus]]'' remains in 2012.<ref name=":0"/>

An [[Talus bone|astragalus]] (ankle bone) thought to belong to a species of ''Allosaurus'' was found at [[Cape Paterson, Victoria]] in Early Cretaceous beds in southeastern Australia. It was thought to provide evidence that Australia was a [[Refugium (population biology)|refugium]] for animals that had gone extinct elsewhere.<ref name=MFR81>{{cite journal |last1=Molnar |first1=Ralph E. |last2=Flannery, Timothy F. |last3= Rich, Thomas H.V. |year=1981 |title=An allosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria, Australia |journal=Alcheringa |volume=5 |pages=141–146 |doi=10.1080/03115518108565427 |issue=2 |bibcode=1981Alch....5..141M }}</ref> This identification was challenged by [[Samuel Paul Welles|Samuel Welles]], who thought it more resembled that of an [[Ornithomimidae|ornithomimid]],<ref name=SPW83>{{cite journal |last=Welles |first=Samuel P. |year=1983 |title=''Allosaurus'' (Saurischia, Theropoda) not yet in Australia |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=57 |issue=2 |page=196 }}</ref> but the original authors defended their identification.<ref name=MFR85>{{cite journal |last1=Molnar |first1=Ralph E. |last2=Flannery, Timothy F. |last3= Rich, Thomas H.V. |year=1985 |title=Aussie ''Allosaurus'' after all |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1511–1535  }}</ref> With fifteen years of new specimens and research to look at, Daniel Chure reexamined the bone and found that it was not ''Allosaurus'', but could represent an allosauroid.<ref name=DJC98>{{cite journal |last=Chure |first=Daniel J. |year=1998 |title=A reassessment of the Australian ''Allosaurus'' and its implications for the Australian refugium concept |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=18 |issue=3, Suppl |pages=1–94 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1998.10011116}}</ref> Similarly, Yoichi Azuma and [[Phil Currie]], in their description of ''[[Fukuiraptor]]'', noted that the bone closely resembled that of their new genus.<ref name=AC00>{{cite journal |last1=Azuma |first1=Yoichi |last2=Currie, Philip J. |year=2000 |title=A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=1735–1753 |doi=10.1139/e00-064 |bibcode=2000CaJES..37.1735A |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14299/files/PAL_E1450.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=January 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429154614/https://doc.rero.ch/record/14299/files/PAL_E1450.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This specimen is sometimes referred to as "[[List of informally named dinosaurs#Allosaurus robustus|Allosaurus robustus]]", an informal museum name.<ref name=DFG03/> It likely belonged to something similar to ''[[Australovenator]]'',<ref name=SHetal09>{{cite journal |last1=Hocknull |first1=Scott A. |last2=White, Matt A. |last3=Tischler, Travis R. |last4=Cook, Alex G. |last5=Calleja, Naomi D. |author6=Sloan, Trish |author7= Elliott, David A. |year=2009 |title=New Mid-Cretaceous (Latest Albian) Dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=7 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006190 |pages=e6190 |pmid=19584929 |pmc=2703565 |editor1-last=Sereno |editor1-first=Paul|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.6190H |doi-access=free }}</ref> although one study considered it to belong to an [[abelisaur]].<ref name=agnolinetal2010>{{cite journal |last1=Agnolin |first1=F. L. |last2=Ezcurra, M. D. |last3=Pais, D. F. |last4= Salisbury, S. W. |year=2010 |title=A reappraisal of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaur faunas from Australia and New Zealand: Evidence for their Gondwanan affinities |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=257–300 |doi=10.1080/14772011003594870|bibcode=2010JSPal...8..257A |s2cid=130568551 |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:206067/UQ206067.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:206067/UQ206067.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>