Editing Artificial reef (section)

===Changing populations===
Many marine organisms exhibit a high degree of movement or dispersal.<ref name="Karnauskas"/> The fish attracted to artificial reef zones vary from reef to reef depending on the reef's age, size and structure.<ref name="Perkol">{{cite journal |last1=Perkol-Finkel |first1=S. |last2=Shashar |first2=N. |last3=Benayahu |first3=Y. |title=Can artificial reefs mimic natural reef communities? The roles of structural features and age |journal=Marine Environmental Research |date=1 March 2006 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=121–135 |doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2005.08.001 |pmid=16198411 |bibcode=2006MarER..61..121P |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141113605000590 |issn=0141-1136|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  Preferred habitats vary both between and within species, depending on an organism's developmental stage and behavior. Environments that are well-suited to larval to juvenile stages may differ from those favored by adults. For example, 1–2 year old Red Snapper (''[[Lutjanus campechanus]]''), show a much higher attraction to living in vertical artificial reef structures than older Red Snapper. By ages 6–8, adults return to muddy and sand bottom habitats, which provide a home for the species' pelagic larval phase. Being aware of how organisms relate to the marine habitat is critical to mapping marine resources and understanding how artificial reefs affect marine processes.<ref name="Karnauskas"/>
The siting of artificial reefs should consider the presence of existing natural habitats and the needs of species at multiple developmental stages, including the need for reproductive and early stage habitat.<ref name="Ceccarelli"/><ref name="Karnauskas"/><ref name="Spinner"/>

The opportunistic use of [[shipwreck]]s and oil derricks<ref name="Bull">{{cite news |last1=Love |first1=Milton |last2=Bull |first2=Ann Scarborough |title=Retired oil rigs off the California coast could find new lives as artificial reefs {{!}} GreenBiz |url=https://www.greenbiz.com/article/retired-oil-rigs-california-coast-could-find-new-lives-artificial-reefs |work=GreenBiz |date=May 17, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="McKinney">{{cite news |last1=McKinney |first1=John |title=After the Oil Runs Out: Rigs to Reefs |url=https://psmag.com/environment/after-the-oil-runs-out-rigs-to-reefs-19272 |work=Pacific Standard |date=July 15, 2010 |language=en}}</ref> as artificial reefs creates a new [[Trophic level|trophic structure]] for the local [[ecosystem]]. The trophic structure of artificial and natural reefs has been shown to differ strongly.<ref name="Simon"/> Artificial reefs do not develop the same functions and diversity as natural reefs over time, unless their structure is similar to natural reefs.<ref name="Perkol"/> For example, the Sint Eustatius reef, nearly 200 years old, has developed a diverse and healthy ecosystem, but it has different and less abundant coral species than a nearby natural reef.<ref name="Urquhart">{{cite news |last1=Urquhart |first1=James |title=For Artificial Coral Reefs, Time Is Not Enough |url=https://hakaimagazine.com/news/for-artificial-coral-reefs-time-is-not-enough/ |work=Hakai Magazine |date=August 4, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hill">{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Claudia E. L. |last2=Lymperaki |first2=Myrsini M. |last3=Hoeksema |first3=Bert W. |title=A centuries-old manmade reef in the Caribbean does not substitute natural reefs in terms of species assemblages and interspecific competition |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |date=1 August 2021 |volume=169 |pages=112576 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112576 |pmid=34119961 |bibcode=2021MarPB.16912576H |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

As a result, artificial reefs can unbalance the natural ecosystem and affect nearby habitats,<ref name="Simon">{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Thiony |last2=Joyeux |first2=Jean-Christophe |last3=Pinheiro |first3=Hudson T. |title=Fish assemblages on shipwrecks and natural rocky reefs strongly differ in trophic structure |journal=Marine Environmental Research |date=1 September 2013 |volume=90 |pages=55–65 |doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.05.012 |pmid=23796542 |bibcode=2013MarER..90...55S |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141113613000950 |issn=0141-1136|url-access=subscription }}</ref> in some cases attracting non-native and invasive species that disrupt local ecosystems.<ref name="Schulze">{{cite journal |last1=Schulze |first1=Anja |last2=Erdner |first2=Deana L. |last3=Grimes |first3=Candace J. |last4=Holstein |first4=Daniel M. |last5=Miglietta |first5=Maria Pia |title=Artificial Reefs in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Community Ecology Amid the "Ocean Sprawl" |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2020 |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2020.00447 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 2008, at Palmyra Atoll south of Hawaii, iron leaching from a shipwreck led to increases in algae and a sea anemone called a corallimorph, smothering existing coral to create a "black reef".<ref name="Joosse">{{cite news |last1=Joosse |first1=Tess |title=When Wrecks Become Reefs {{!}} Smithsonian Ocean |url=https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/coral-reefs/when-wrecks-become-reefs |work=Smithsonian Ocean |date=2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Artificial reefs can show quick increases in local fish population,<ref name="Polovina">{{cite journal |last1=Polovina |first1=Jeffrey |title=Impacts of Artificial Reefs on Fishery Production in Shimamaki, Japan |journal=Bulletin of Marine Science |date=1989 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=997–1003 |url=https://www.academia.edu/26230047}}</ref>
[[coral reef]]<ref name="Prabowo">{{cite journal |last1=Prabowo |first1=B |last2=Rikardi |first2=N |last3=Setiawan |first3=M A |last4=Santoso |first4=P |last5=Arafat |first5=D |last6=Subhan |first6=B |last7=Afandy |first7=A |title=The perspective of high coral growth rate on the artificial reef: what is causing enhancement of coral growth rate on Nyamuk Island, Anambas? |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |date=1 January 2022 |volume=967 |issue=1 |pages=012038 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012038|bibcode=2022E&ES..967a2038P |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[algae]] growth.<ref name="Marsden">{{cite journal |last1=Marsden |first1=J. Ellen |last2=Marcy-Quay |first2=Benjamin |last3=Dingledine |first3=Natalie |last4=Berndt |first4=Aaron |last5=Adams |first5=Janice |title=Physical and biological evolution of constructed reefs – long-term assessment and lessons learned |journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research |date=1 February 2023 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=276–287 |doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2022.10.008 |bibcode=2023JGLR...49..276M |s2cid=253359207 |issn=0380-1330|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, the attraction–production dilemma is the question of whether local increases in fish stocks result from broader-area distributional changes in populations (the attraction hypothesis) or increases in local production (the production hypothesis).<ref name="Roa-Ureta"/>
Some researchers, such as James Bohnsack, a biologist with the [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] (NMFS), have argued that the amount of biomass found on artificial reefs is attracted away from nearby areas rather than developing there. According to this view, artificial reefs do not increase fish populations.<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=James A. |last2=Lowry |first2=Michael B. |last3=Suthers |first3=Iain M. |title=Fish attraction to artificial reefs not always harmful: a simulation study |journal=Ecology and Evolution |date=30 September 2015 |volume=5 |issue=20 |pages=4590–4602 |doi=10.1002/ece3.1730 |pmid=26668725 |pmc=4670052 |bibcode=2015EcoEv...5.4590S |issn=2045-7758}}</ref><ref name="Bohnsack">{{cite journal |last1=Bohnsack |first1=James A. |last2=Ecklund |first2=A.-M. |title=Artificial reef research: Is there more than the attraction-production issue? |journal=Fisheries |date=1997 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=14–16 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279561041}}</ref> Instead they operate as a type of [[fish aggregating device]] (FAD) bringing in fish, eggs and larvae from other reefs.<ref name="Ceccarelli">{{cite book |last1=Ceccarelli |first1=D. |last2=Hurley |first2=T. |title=Fish aggregating devices and artificial reefs: Literature review of benefits and negative impacts for the Great Barrier Reef |date=2022 |publisher=Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority |location=Townsville |hdl=11017/3952 |isbn=9780645043853 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11017/3952}}</ref> However, there is some evidence to suggest that artificial reefs can be a source of production as well as attraction.<ref name="Roa-Ureta"/> A 2022 review concluded that "the attraction-production question around ARs ... can only be assessed on a case-by-case basis for each AR, and
validated after their installation."<ref name="Ceccarelli"/>

Concentrating fish on a reef makes for easier fishing.<ref name="Spinner">{{cite news |last1=Spinner |first1=Kate |title=Artificial reefs' effect on fish populations comes under question |url=https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2011/11/14/questions-about-artificial-reefs-effect-on-fish-counts/29060556007/ |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |date=November 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Karnauskas">{{cite journal |last1=Karnauskas |first1=Mandy |last2=Walter |first2=John F. |last3=Campbell |first3=Matthew D. |last4=Pollack |first4=Adam G. |last5=Drymon |first5=J. Marcus |last6=Powers |first6=Sean |title=Red Snapper Distribution on Natural Habitats and Artificial Structures in the Northern Gulf of Mexico |journal=Marine and Coastal Fisheries |date=January 2017 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=50–67 |doi=10.1080/19425120.2016.1255684 |language=en |issn=1942-5120|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The increased concentration of fish on artificial reefs can make it easier to harvest fish stocks, with the potential for [[overfishing]] and long-term damage to fisheries. This has implications for artisanal and industrial fishing management.<ref name="Spinner"/><ref name="Roa-Ureta">{{cite journal |last1=Roa-Ureta |first1=Ruben H. |last2=Santos |first2=Miguel N. |last3=Leitão |first3=Francisco |title=Modelling long-term fisheries data to resolve the attraction versus production dilemma of artificial reefs |journal=Ecological Modelling |date=September 2019 |volume=407 |pages=108727 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108727 |bibcode=2019EcMod.40708727R |s2cid=198254212 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecomod/v407y2019ic2.html|url-access=subscription }}</ref>