Editing August Strindberg (section)

==Social criticism==
[[File:Eldstrindbergmonument.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Carl Eldh]]'s statue of Strindberg in [[Tegnérlunden]], Stockholm. Dubbed ''The Titan'', it represents Strindberg as [[Prometheus]], tormented for defying the Gods.]]

An acerbic [[polemicist]] who was often vehemently [[Anti-authoritarianism|opposed to conventional authority]], Strindberg was difficult to pigeon-hole as a political figure. Through his long career, he penned scathing attacks on the [[Swedish Armed Forces|military]], the [[Church of Sweden|church]], and the [[Monarchy of Sweden|monarchy]]. For most of his public life, he was seen as a major figure on the literary left and a standard-bearer of [[cultural radicalism]], but, especially from the 1890s, he espoused conservative and religious views that alienated many former supporters. He resumed his attacks on conservative society with great vigor in the years immediately preceding his death.

Strindberg's opinions were typically stated with great force and vitriol, and sometimes humorously over-stated. He was involved in a variety of crises and feuds, skirmishing regularly with the literary and cultural establishment of his day, including erstwhile allies and friends. His youthful reputation as a genial ''enfant terrible'' of Swedish literature, transformed, eventually, into the role of a sort of ill-tempered towering giant of Swedish public life.

Strindberg was a prolific letter-writer, whose private communications have been collected in several annotated volumes. He often voiced political views privately to friends and literary acquaintances, phrased in a no-holds-barred jargon of scathing attacks, drastic humor, and flippant hyperbole. Many of his most controversial political statements are drawn from this private correspondence.

Influenced by the history of the 1871 [[Paris Commune]], the young Strindberg had embraced the view that politics was the art of the upper class to keep the lower class under itself.<ref name=":0">[[August Strindbergs lilla katekes för underklassen]], Karneval förlag</ref> Early works like the ''Red Room'' or ''Master Olof'' took aim at public hypocrisy, royalty, and organized religion. He was, at this time, an outspoken [[socialist]], mainly influenced by [[anarchist]] or [[libertarian socialist]] ideas.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uXxcAAAAMAAJ&q=August+Strindberg+anarchist Inferno, Alone, and other writings: In new translations], August Strindberg, Edited by Evert Sprinchorn, Anchor Books, 1968, p. 62</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=G-rbnAl3wKAC&pg=PA233 Selected essays], August Strindberg, Edited by Michael Robinson, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 233</ref> However, Strindberg's socialism was undogmatic and rooted in a ruthless critique of state, church, school, press, and economy in which he aimed at pitting the people against kings, economists, priests, and merchants.<ref name=":0" /> A small example from this period is his [[August Strindberg's Little Catechism for the Underclass|Little Catechism for the Underclass]].

He read widely among progressive thinkers, including [[Étienne Cabet|Cabet]], [[Charles Fourier|Fourier]], [[François-Noël Babeuf|Babeuf]], [[Henri de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]], [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]], and [[Robert Owen|Owen]], whom he referred to as "friends of humanity and sharp thinkers."<ref name="Strindberg – En kooperatör">{{cite web |last1=Olsson |first1=Jan |title=Strindberg – En kooperatör |url=https://svenskkooperation.se/strindberg-kooperator/ |website=Svensk kooperation |access-date=13 April 2020 |date=17 October 2017}}</ref> "Strindberg adopted ideas from everyone," writes Jan Olsson, who notes that Strindberg lived in a period where "terms like anarchism, socialism, and communism were alternately used as synonyms and as different terms."<ref name="Strindberg – En kooperatör"/>

By the early 1880s, many young political and literary radicals in Sweden had come to view Strindberg as a champion of their causes. However, in contrast to the [[Marxist]]-influenced socialism then rising within the [[Swedish labour movement|Swedish labor movement]], Strindberg espoused an older type of [[Agrarian socialism|agrarian radicalism]] accompanied by [[spirituality|spiritual]] and even [[mystical]] ideas. His views remained as fluid and eclectic as they were uncompromising, and on certain issues he could be wildly out of step with the younger generation of socialists. To Martin Kylhammar, the young Strindberg "was a 'reactionary radical' whose writing was populist and democratic but who persisted in an antiquated romanticizing of agrarian life."<ref name="Östgöta-Correspondenten">{{cite news |last1=Kylberg |first1=Martin |title=Strindberg 2: Istappen och eftermälet |url=https://corren.se/kultur-noje/strindberg-2-istappen-och-eftermalet-6023386.aspx |access-date=3 November 2020 |publisher=Östgöta-Correspondenten |date=10 May 2012}}</ref>

Although he had been an early proponent of [[women's rights]], calling for [[women's suffrage]] in 1884, Strindberg later became disenchanted with what he viewed as an unnatural equation of the sexes. In times of personal conflict and marital trouble (which was much of the time), he could lash out with crudely [[misogyny|misogynistic]] statements. His troubled marriage with Siri von Essen, ended in an upsetting divorce in 1891, became the inspiration for ''The Defence of a Fool'', begun in 1887 and published in 1893. Strindberg famously sought to insert a warning to lawmakers against "granting citizens' rights to half-apes, lower beings, sick children, [who are] sick and crazed thirteen times a year during their periods, completely insane while pregnant, and irresponsible throughout the rest of their lives." The paragraph was ultimately removed before printing by his publisher.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strindberg |first1=August |title=Nationalupplagan, samlade verk 25: En dåres försvarstal |date=1999 |publisher=Norstedt |pages=534 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/författare/StrindbergA/titlar/EnDåresFörsvarstal/sida/534/etext |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

Strindberg's misogyny was at odds with the younger generation of socialist activists and has drawn attention in contemporary{{When|date=November 2021|reason=Not contemporary with him, but from how long after onwards?}} Strindberg scholarship. So has Strindberg's [[anti-Jewish]] rhetoric. Although particularly targeting Jewish enemies of his in Swedish cultural life, he also attacked [[Jews]] and [[Judaism]] as such.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Myrdal |first1=Jan |title=Johan August Strindberg |date=2003 |publisher=Natur och Kultur |pages=143–173 |url=https://runeberg.org/myrstrind/0141.html |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> The [[antisemitic]] outbursts were particularly pronounced in the early 1880s, when Strindberg dedicated an entire chapter ("Moses") in a work of social and political satire, ''Det nya riket'', dedicated to heckling Swedish Jews (including an unflattering portrayal of [[Albert Bonnier]]). Although anti-Jewish prejudice was far from uncommon in wider society in the 1880s, [[Jan Myrdal]] notes that "the entire liberal and democratic intelligentsia of the time distanced themselves from the older, left-wing antisemitism of August Strindberg."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Myrdal |first1=Jan |title=Johan August Strindberg |date=2003 |publisher=Natur och Kultur |pages=151 |url=https://runeberg.org/myrstrind/0149.html |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> Yet, as with many things, Strindberg's opinions and passions shifted with time. In the mid-1880s he toned down and then mostly ended his anti-Jewish rhetoric, after publicly declaring himself not to be an anti-Semite in 1884.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

[[File:August Strindbergs Inferno 1897.jpg|thumb|The title page of the first edition of August Strindbergs "Inferno" from 1897]]
A self-declared atheist in his younger years, Strindberg would also re-embrace [[Christianity]], without necessarily making his peace with the church. As noted by Stockholm's [[Strindberg Museum]], the personal and spiritual crisis that Strindberg underwent in [[Paris]] in the 1890s, which prompted the writing of ''Inferno'', had aesthetic as well as philosophical and political implications: "Before the Inferno crisis (1869 – 92), Strindberg was influenced by [[anarchism]], [[Rousseau]], [[Schopenhauer]], and [[Nietzsche]]; in the years after the crisis (1897 – 1911) he was influenced by [[Swedenborg]], [[Goethe]], [[Shakespeare]], and [[Beethoven]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Strindbergs liv |url=https://www.strindbergsmuseet.se/om-strindberg/strindbergs-liv/ |website=Strindbergsmuséet |access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref>

In ''Inferno'', Strindberg notes his ideological and spiritual evolution:

<blockquote> What is the purpose of having toiled through thirty years only to gain, through experience, that which I had already understood as a concept? In my youth, I was a sincere believer, and you [i.e. the powers that be] have made me a free-thinker. Out of a free-thinker you have made me an atheist; out of an atheist, a religious believer. Inspired by humanitarian ideas, I have praised socialism. Five years later, you have proven to me the unreasonableness of socialism. Everything that once enthralled me you have invalidated! And presuming that I will now abandon myself to religion, I am certain that you will, in ten years, disprove religion. (Strindberg, ''Inferno'', Chapter XV.) </blockquote>

Despite his reactionary attitudes on issues such as women's rights and his conservative, mystical turn from the early 1890s, Strindberg remained popular with some in the socialist-liberal camp on the strength of his past radicalism and his continued salience as a literary modernizer. However, several former admirers were disappointed and troubled by what they viewed as Strindberg's descent into religious conservatism and, perhaps, madness. His former ally and friend, Social Democrat leader [[Hjalmar Branting]], now dismissed the author as a "disaster" who had betrayed his past ideals for a reactionary, mystical elitism.<ref name="Östgöta-Correspondenten"/> In 1909, Branting remarked on Strindberg's shifting political and cultural posture, on the occasion of the author's sixtieth birthday:

<blockquote> To the young Strindberg, the trail-blazer, the rouser from sleep, let us offer all our praise and admiration. To the writer in a more mature age [let us offer] a place of rank on the [[Aeropagus]] of European erudition. But to the Strindberg of ''Black Banners'' [1907] and ''A Blue Book'' [1907-1912], who, in the shadows of ''Inferno'' [1898] has been converted to a belief in the sickly, empty gospels of mysticism – let us wish, from our hearts, that he may once again become his past self. (Hjalmar Branting, in ''Social-Demokraten'', 22 January 1909.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Myrdal |first1=Jan |title=Johan August Strindberg |date=2003 |publisher=Natur och Kultur |pages=46 |url=https://runeberg.org/myrstrind/0044.html |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> </blockquote>

Toward the end of his life, however, Strindberg would dramatically reassert his role as a radical standard-bearer and return to the good graces of [[progressivism|progressive]] Swedish opinion.

In April 1910, Strindberg launched a series of unprompted, insult-laden attacks on popular conservative symbols, viciously thrashing the nationalist cult of former king [[Charles XII]] ("pharao worship"), the lauded poet [[Verner von Heidenstam]] ("the spirit-seer of Djursholm"), and the famous author and traveler [[Sven Hedin]] ("the humbug explorer"). The ensuing debate, known as "Strindbergsfejden" or "The Strindberg Feud", is one of the most significant literary debates in Swedish history. It came to comprise about a thousand articles by various authors across some eighty newspapers, raging for two years until Strindberg's death in 1912. The Feud served to revive Strindberg's reputation as an implacable enemy of bourgeois tastes, while also reestablishing beyond doubt his centrality to Swedish culture and politics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andreas Nyblom |title=Strindbergsfejden 1910–1912 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/presentationer/specialomraden/Strindbergsfejden.html |website=Litteraturbanken |access-date=13 April 2020 |date=2011}}</ref> In 1912, Strindberg's funeral was co-organized by Branting&nbsp;and heavily attended by members of the Swedish labor movement, with "more than 100 red banners" in attendance alongside the entire Social Democrat parliamentary contingent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krook |first1=Caroline |title=Brottningen med Gud präglade begravningen |url=https://www.svd.se/brottningen-med-gud-praglade-begravningen |access-date=3 November 2020 |publisher=Svenska Dagbladet |date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

Strindberg's daughter [[Karin Strindberg]] married a Russian [[Bolshevik]] of partially Swedish ancestry, {{ill|Vladimir Smirnov (consul)|qid=Q4424640|lt=Vladimir Smirnov}} ("Paulsson").<ref>{{citation|title=RCHGI |publisher=SPB |year=2001 |url=http://www.rchgi.spb.ru/Pr/spb_2001/usykin.htm |language=ru |place=RU |contribution=Usykin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718051144/http://www.rchgi.spb.ru/Pr/spb_2001/usykin.htm |archive-date=18 July 2010 }}</ref>