Editing Automobile engine replacement (section)

=== EV crate engines ===

{{See also|Electric vehicle conversion}}

[[File:Battery-Pack-Leaf.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nissan Leaf]] traction battery]]
In general, simply swapping an internal combustion engine for an electric [[traction motor]] is not sufficient; a complete [[electric vehicle]] (EV) drivetrain conversion also requires installation of a storage battery, inverter, reduction gear, and controller. Most of these separate components can be packaged with the motor in a unit that is dimensionally compatible with the existing engine compartment, but the battery is usually the bulkiest, heaviest component of an EV powertrain and can create a significant challenge for fitment.<ref name=PR-2021/> In recent years, the restoration and EV conversion of a [[classic car]] has become known as an ''[[electromod]]'', a [[portmanteau]] of electrification and [[restomod]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2020/11/04/open-diff-which-vehicles-make-the-most-sense-to-electromod |title=Open Diff: Which vehicles make the most sense to electromod? |author=Strohl, Daniel |date=4 November 2020 |website=Hemmings |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

====Aftermarket====
[[File:EVAdapterOverview.jpg|thumb|right|Engine compartment of a converted EV, showing the adapter plate used to couple the traction motor and transmission.  Note the multiple horns toward the upper left, which are not part of the motor]]
Hobbyists have been converting cars to EVs since at least the 1960s. Historically, these have used aircraft [[starter motor]]s and lead-acid batteries; several books have been written to document and guide these conversions,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evalbum.com/build |title=So You Want to Build an Electric Car |date=October 3, 2009 |website=EV Album |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> including ''The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles'' (Shacket, 1979),<ref name=Shacket79>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/completebookofel0000shac |title=The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles |author=Shacket, Sheldon R. |date=1979 |publisher=Domus Books |location=Northbrook, Illinois |isbn=0-89196-033-3 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ''How to Convert to an Electric Car'' (Lucas & Riess, 1980),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/howtoconverttoel0000luca |title=How to Convert to an Electric Car |url-access=registration |author1=Lucas, Ted |author2=Riess, Fred |date=1980 |publisher=Crown Publishers, Inc. |isbn=0-517-54055X}}</ref> ''Convert It'' (Brown & Prange, 1993),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/manualzilla-id-6016361 |title=Convert It |author1=Brown, Michael P |author2=Prange, Shari |date=1993 |publisher=Future Books |edition=3rd |location=Ft. Lauderdale, FL |isbn=1-879857-94-4}}</ref> and ''Build Your Own Electric Vehicle'' (Brant, 1994).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/buildyourownelec0000bran |title=Build Your Own Electric Vehicle |author=Brant, Bob |date=1994 |url-access=registration |publisher=TAB Books |isbn=0-8306-4232-3}}</ref> Many recent non-factory electromods are implemented by extracting and adapting the complete drivetrain (traction motor(s), battery, controller, and inverter) from an existing mass-produced EV, such as Tesla. East Coast Defender demonstrated a Tesla EV-sourced powertrain conversion of a 1969–96 [[Range Rover Classic]], developed with Electric Classic Cars, to ''[[Motor Trend]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/ecd-electric-land-range-rover-classic-first-drive-review/ |title=ECD Electric Land Rover Range Rover Classic First Drive: Electro-Luxe |author=Markus, Frank |date=July 13, 2021 |work=Motor Trend |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> In October 2019 there were no purpose-built crate engine EV kits available commercially, but such projects were in development.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pistonheads.com/news/ph-ev/swindon-powertrain-launches-crate-ev-motor/41140 |title=Swindon Powertrain launches crate EV motor |website= PistonHeads |location=UK |date=17 October 2019 |first=Dafydd |last=Wood |access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> For example, EV West announced their Revolt Tesla Crate Motor in 2020, which married an electric traction motor from Tesla with a gear reduction unit and ended in a universal joint yoke, a suitable interface for a driveshaft.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/tesla-crate-motor-ev-conversion-small-block-v-8/ |title=Scrap the Small-Block V-8 Swap and sub in This Literal Tesla Crate Motor |author=Stoklosa, Alexander |date=October 2, 2020 |work=Motor Trend |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> Mechanically, the motor is fitted with mounts compatible with Chevrolet small-block engines to take advantage of numerous small-block repower kits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/news/the-new-crate-motor-by-ev-west-and-revolt-fits-just-like-a-small-block-chevy/ |title=The new crate motor by EV West and Revolt fits just like a small-block Chevy |date=5 October 2020 |author=Thomas, Phillip |work=Hagerty |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

====Automobile manufacturers====
Previously in 2018, [[Chevrolet Performance]] advanced an "electric crate motor" concept with the unveiling of the eCOPO Camaro at that year's [[SEMA (association)|SEMA]] show. The eCOPO Camaro was a [[Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)|2019 COPO Camaro]] which was equipped with a pair of [[BorgWarner]] HVH250-150 motor assemblies instead of the conventional piston engine. The electric traction motor essentially served as a drop-in replacement with the same [[bellhousing]] bolt pattern and crankshaft flange as the [[General Motors LS-based small-block engine|LS engine family]], so the car retained the same transmission, driveshaft, and axles as the conventional COPO Camaro.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2018/oct/sema/1029-e-copo.html |title=eCOPO Camaro race car concept electrifies drag racing |date=October 29, 2018 |publisher=Chevrolet Pressroom |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/chevrolet-ecopo-camaro-concept-is-a-700-hp-electric-drag-racer/ |title=Chevrolet eCOPO Camro Concept is a 700-HP Electric Drag Racer |author=Woodard, Collin |date=October 30, 2018 |work=Motor Trend |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> At the 2019 SEMA show, Chevrolet continued to develop the concept, following up with the E-10 Concept, which used the powertrains from two [[Chevrolet Bolt|Bolts]] repackaged into in a restored [[Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|1962 C-10 pickup truck]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a29714391/chevy-e-10-pickup-sema/ |title=Chevy's 450-HP E-10 Pickup Concept Seeks to Electrify Gearhead Hearts and Minds |author=Mortimer, Maxwell B. |date=November 6, 2019 |work=Car and Driver |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> The following year for SEMA, Chevrolet showcased the "Electric Connect and Cruise" eCrate package in October 2020, which included the main drivetrain components of a single Bolt (motor, battery, controller, and inverter), and was demonstrated as a retrofit to a restored [[Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|1977 K5 Blazer]]. The kit was scheduled to go on sale in the second half of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/37354/the-chevrolet-performance-ecrate-is-here-to-make-electric-drivetrain-swaps-easier-than-ever |title=The Chevrolet Performance eCrate Is Here to Make Electric Drivetrain Swaps Easier Than Ever |author=Schrader, Stef |date=October 29, 2020 |work=The Drive |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> The Bolt motor is modified by removing the differential and reduction gear unit, then fitting an adapter plate and crank flange, allowing it to bolt to a conventional transmission. Together with the controller and inverter, the motor occupies approximately the same space as a small-block V8; the {{cvt|900|lb}} battery presents a greater challenge for packaging, which is why the initial development has focused on trucks.<ref name=PR-2021>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.performanceracing.com/magazine/featured/01-01-2021/shocking-rivalry |title=Shocking Rivalry |author=Magda, Mike |date=January 2021 |magazine=Performance Racing |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2022|07}}, it was still being explored as a "future business opportunity", according to Chevrolet Vice President Scott Bell.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2022/07/20/gm-ev-kit-chevy-electric/10089296002/ |title=Chevrolet to offer kit to convert gasoline classic cars into EVs |author=LaReau, Jamie L. |date=July 20, 2022 |work=Detroit Free Press |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Ford F-100 Eluminator Concept Truck.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ford F-series#Eluminator|1978 F-100 Eluminator]] "electromod" truck, displayed at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] (Feb 2022)]]
In November 2021, [[Ford Performance]] released the "Eluminator" {{cvt|281|hp|kW|0|order=flip}} crate EV motor, which was the same traction motor used in the [[Ford Mustang Mach-E]] GT Performance Edition and used to power the [[Ford F-series#Eluminator|1978 F-100 Eluminator]] restomod pickup truck.<ref name=EluminatorPR>{{cite press release |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/11/02/all-electric-f-100-eluminator-concept.html |title=The future of custom vehicles: Ford unveils all-electric F-100 Eluminator Concept with new EV crate motor customers can now buy |date=November 2, 2021 |publisher=Ford Motor Company |location=Las Vegas, Nevada |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> As of 3 November 2021, it was available for pre-order but not yet shipping.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eluminator Mach E Electric Motor ~ M9000MACHE |url=https://accessories.ford.com/products/eluminator-mach-e-electric-motor |website=Ford Store |location=US |access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref>