Editing Beehive (section)

===Vertical hives===
==== Langstroth hives ====
[[File:1911 Britannica - Bee - Langstroth Hive.png|thumb|Langstroth hive]]
{{Main|Langstroth hive}}

Langstroth hives are named for Rev. [[L. L. Langstroth|Lorenzo Langstroth]], who patented his design in the United States on October 5, 1852.<ref name="US Patent|9300"/> It was based on the ideas of [[Johann Dzierzon]] and other leaders in apiculture. It combines a top-worked hive with hanging frames and the use of [[bee space]]s between frames and other parts. Variants of his design have become the standard style of hive for many of the world's beekeepers, both professional and amateur. Langstroth hive bodies are rectangular and can be stacked to expand the usable space for the bees. They can be made from a variety of materials, but commonly of timber. The modern Langstroth hive consists of:<ref>Langstroth Hive: {{cite web |url=https://www.perfectbee.com/your-beehive/beehives-and-accessories/langstroth-beehive-in-detail/ |title=A Detailed Look at the Langstroth Beehive - PerfectBee |access-date=2018-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102024/https://www.perfectbee.com/your-beehive/beehives-and-accessories/langstroth-beehive-in-detail/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 }}</ref>
* Bottom board: this has an entrance for the bees.
* Boxes containing frames for brood and honey: the lowest box for the queen to lay eggs, and boxes above where honey is stored
* Inner cover and top cap providing weather protection

Inside the boxes, frames are hung parallel to each other. Langstroth frames are thin rectangular structures made of wood or plastic and typically have a plastic or [[wax foundation]] on which the bees draw out the comb. The frames hold the [[honeycomb]] formed by the bees with [[beeswax]]. Eight or ten frames side by side (depending on the size of the box) will fill the hive body and leave the right amount of bee space between each frame and between the end frames and the hive body. With appropriate provision of bee space, the bees are not likely to glue parts together with propolis nor fill spaces with [[burr comb]]{{snd}}although the dimensions now usual for top bee space are not the same as those that Langstroth described. Self-spacing beehive frames were introduced by Julius Hoffman, a student of [[Johann Dzierzon]].<ref>The ABC & XYZ of Bee Culture, Forty-First Edition, published by A.I. Root Company pg. 265</ref> Langstroth frames can be reinforced with wire, making it possible to spin the honey out of the comb in a centrifuge. As a result, the empty frames and comb can be returned to the beehive for re-filling by the bees. Creating a honeycomb involves a significant energy investment, conservatively estimated at {{convert|6.25|kg}} of honey needed to create {{convert|1|kg}} of comb in temperate climates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~spratt1/Assets/Publications/Pratt%202004.pdf|title=Collective control of the timing and type of comb construction by honey bees (Apis mellifera)|author=Stephen C. PRATT|publisher=[[Arizona State University]]|year=2003|access-date=2011-11-28|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315093104/http://www.public.asu.edu/~spratt1/Assets/Publications/Pratt%202004.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-15}}</ref> Reusing comb can thus increase the productivity of a beekeeping enterprise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/BEEKEEP/CHAPT6/chapt6.html|title=Miscellaneous Techniques in Beekeeping|publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]|access-date=2011-11-28|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020061118/http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/BEEKEEP/CHAPT6/chapt6.html|archive-date=2011-10-20}}</ref>

The sizes of hive bodies (rectangular boxes without tops or bottoms placed one on top of another) and of internal frames vary between named styles. A variety of approximations to [[Langstroth hive|Langstroth's original box and frame sizes]] are still used, with top bars some {{cvt|19|in}} long<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thorne.co.uk/frames-foundation/frames/langstroth-frames/langstroth-jumbo-frames-packs-of-10.html | title=Langstroth Jumbo Frames - packs of 10 }}</ref> or a little more.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dorchesterandweymouthbka.com/hive-sizes/ | title=Hive Sizes | date=29 March 2020 }}</ref> However, this class of hives includes several other styles, mostly used in Europe, which differ mainly in the size and number of frames used. These include:
* '''[[BS National Beehive]]''': This smaller version of the Langstroth class of hive is designed for the less prolific and more docile Buckfastleigh bee strain, and for standard dimension parts. It is based on square boxes ({{cvt|18+1/8|in|disp=or}} side), with a {{cvt|8+7/8|in|adj=on}} standard/brood box and shallow, {{cvt|5+7/8|in|adj=on}} Supers typically used for honey. The construction of the boxes is relatively complicated (eight pieces), but strong and with easy-to-hold handles. The boxes take frames of {{cvt|17|in}} in length, with a relatively long lug ({{cvt|1+1/2|in|disp=or}}) and a comb width of {{cvt|14|in}}. 
** '''BS Commercial hive''': A variation with the same cross-sectional dimensions as a BS National hive (18 in x 18 in, 460&nbsp;mm x 460&nbsp;mm), but deeper brood box ({{cvt|10+1/2|in|disp=or}}) and supers intended for more prolific bees. The internal structure of the boxes is also simpler, resulting in wider frames ({{cvt|16|in|disp=or}}) with shorter handles or lugs. Some find these supers too heavy when full of honey and therefore use National supers on top of a Commercial brood box.
** '''Rose Hive''': A hive and method of management developed by Tim Rowe, it is a variation on the BS National hive. The Rose hive maintains the same cross-sectional dimensions as the National hive (18 in x 18 in, 460&nbsp;mm x 460&nbsp;mm), but opts for a single depth box of {{cvt|7+1/2|in}}. The single box and frame size are used for both brood and honey supers. Standardizing on one size reduces complexity and allows for the movement of brood or honey frames to any other position in the hive. A queen excluder is avoided, allowing the queen freedom to move where she wants. Boxes are added to the hive above the brood and below the supers. The colony can expand during a large nectar flow and retract to lower portions of the hive as the colony shrinks in the fall. When collecting honey, brood and honey frames can be relocated up or down the hive, as needed.
** '''Smith hive'''
* '''German Normal''': German normal measure (DNM): mainly used in central and northern Germany. Of which Frankenbeute, Segeberger, and Spessartbeute are variants.
** '''Zander''': Developed by Enoch Zander, mainly used in southern Germany
* '''D.E. hive''' Designed by David Eyre
* '''Dadant hive''': Developed by [[Charles Dadant]] (developed in the US in 1920 from the Dadant-Blatt hive)
** '''B-BOX''': Developed by the Italian company Beeing for urban locations and uses Dadant frames
* '''Hyper Hyve''': Designed by Mike James and incorporates an insulated hive with integrated monitoring.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keplar|first1=Travis|title=The New Modern Smart Hive|url=https://www.weknowsolar.com/post/smart-insulate-beehive-w--monitoring|publisher=Electric & Young|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928143249/https://www.weknowsolar.com/post/smart-insulate-beehive-w--monitoring|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Warré hives ====
[[File:Ruche-populaire.jpg|thumb|100px|Warré Hive]]

The Warré hive was invented by the village priest [[Émile Warré]], and is also called {{lang|fr|ruche populaire}} ('the people's hive'). It is a modular and storied design similar to a Langstroth hive. The hive body is made of boxes stacked vertically; however, it uses top bars for comb support instead of full frames similar to a Top-Bar Hive, as a general rule. The popularity of this hive is growing among 'sustainable-practice' beekeepers.<ref name="Warre">Beekeeping For All - Abbé Warré</ref>

The Warre hive differs from other stacked hive systems in one fundamental aspect: when the bees need more space as the colony expands, the new box is "nadired"; i.e., positioned underneath the existing box or boxes. This serves the purpose of warmth retention within the brood nest of the hive, considered vital to colony health.<ref name="Warre"/>

==== WBC hives ====
[[File:Wbchive.JPG|thumb|upright|100px|WBC hive]]
The WBC, invented by and named after [[William Broughton Carr]] in 1890, is a double-walled hive with an external housing that splays out towards the bottom of each frame covering a standard box shape hive inside. The WBC is in many respects the 'classic' hive as represented in pictures and paintings, but despite the extra level of insulation for the bees offered by its double-walled design, many beekeepers avoid it, owing to the inconvenience of having to remove the external layer before the hive can be examined.

==== CDB hives ====
[[File:Apiary at the edge of the wood - geograph.org.uk - 870950.jpg|thumb|upright|CDB hive]]
In 1890, Charles Nash Abbott (1830–1894), advisor to Ireland's Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, designed a new Congested Districts Board (CDB) hive in Dublin, Ireland. It was commissioned by and named after the [[Congested Districts Board for Ireland]] which provided support for rural populations until its absorption into the Department of Agriculture.<ref>Roe Valley Beekeepers Association - CDB Hive -http://www.rvbka.co.uk/cdb-hive.html</ref>

==== AZ hives ====
One of the most famous Slovenian beekeepers was Anton Žnideršič (1874–1947). He developed the AZ hive house<ref>AZ standing for Alberti-Žnideršič; it was a development based on the "Blätterbeute" of Adolf Alberti.</ref> and hive box widely used today in Slovenia.