Editing Bioethics (section)

=== Feminist bioethics ===
[[Feminist bioethics]] critiques the fields of bioethics and medicine for its lack of inclusion of women's and other marginalized group's perspectives.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Donchin A |date=2008|title=Remembering Fab's Past, Anticipating Our Future | jstor = 40339216 |journal=International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics|volume=1|issue=1|pages=145–160|issn=1937-4585}}</ref> This lack of perspective from women is thought to create power imbalances that favor men.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Nelson HL |date=2000 |title= Feminist Bioethics: Where We've Been, Where We're Going |jstor = 24439396 |journal=Metaphilosophy|volume=31|issue=5|pages=492–508|doi=10.1111/1467-9973.00165 |issn=0026-1068}}</ref> These power imbalances are theorized to be created from the androcentric nature of medicine.<ref name=":02" /> One example of a lack of consideration of women is in clinical drug trials that exclude women due to hormonal fluctuations and possible future birth defects.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|title=History of Women's Participation in Clinical Research {{!}} Office of Research on Women's Health|url=https://orwh.od.nih.gov/toolkit/recruitment/history|access-date=12 November 2020|website=orwh.od.nih.gov}}</ref> This has led to a gap in the research on how pharmaceuticals can affect women.<ref name=":04" /> Feminist bioethicists call for the necessity of feminist approaches to bioethics because the lack of diverse perspectives in bioethics and medicine can cause preventable harm to already vulnerable groups.<ref name=":3" />

This study first gained prevalence in the field of reproductive medicine as it was viewed as a "woman's issue".<ref name=":02" /> Since then, feminist approaches to bioethics has expanded to include bioethical topics in mental health, [[Disability rights movement|disability advocacy]], healthcare accessibility, and [[Medication|pharmaceuticals]].<ref name=":02" /> Lindemann notes the need for the future agenda of feminist approaches to bioethics to expand further to include healthcare organizational ethics, [[Genetic engineering|genetics]], [[Stem cell|stem cell research]], and more.<ref name=":02" />

Notable figures in feminist bioethics include [[Carol Gilligan]], [[Susan Sherwin]], and the creators of the ''[[International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics]]'', Mary C. Rawlinson and Anne Donchin. Sherwin's book ''No Longer Patient: Feminist Ethics in Health Care'' (1992) is credited with being one of the first full-length books published on the topic of feminist bioethics and points out the shortcomings in then-current bioethical theories.<ref name=":3" /> Sherwin's viewpoint incorporates models of oppression within healthcare that intend to further marginalize women, people of color, immigrants, and people with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Taylor AT |date=1 July 1993|title=No Longer Patient: Feminist Ethics and Health Care |journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy|volume=50|issue=7|pages=1510–1513|doi=10.1093/ajhp/50.7.1510a|issn=1079-2082}}</ref> Since created in 1992, the ''International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics'' has done much work to legitimize feminist work and theory in bioethics.<ref name=":3" />

By pointing out the male marking of its purportedly generic human subject and the fact that the tradition does not see women's rights as human rights, feminist bioethics challenges bioethics. This article explores how the other gender becomes mute and invisible as a result of this unseen gendering of the universal. It demonstrates how the dehumanization of "man" is a root cause of illness on a social and personal level. Finally, it makes many recommendations for how representations of women's experience and bodies could help to constructively reconsider fundamental ethical principles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rawlinson |first=M. C. |date=August 2001 |title=The concept of a feminist bioethics |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11484132 |journal=The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=405–416 |doi=10.1076/jmep.26.4.405.3010 |issn=0360-5310 |pmid=11484132}}</ref>