Editing Boletus edulis (section)

===Fruit body production===
Italian folklore holds that porcini sprout up at the time of the new moon;<ref name = "Carluccio03"/> research studies have tried to investigate more scientifically the factors that influence the production of fruit bodies. Although fruit bodies may appear any time from summer to autumn (June to November in the UK), their growth is known to be triggered by rainfall during warm periods of weather followed by frequent autumn rain with a drop in soil temperature.<ref name=Hall1998/> Above average rainfall may result in the rapid appearance of large numbers of boletes, in what is known in some circles as a "bolete year".<ref name=Nilper>{{cite book |vauthors=Nilson S, Persson O | year = 1977 | title = Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi) | publisher = Penguin |location=Harmondsworth, England|isbn=0-14-063005-8|page=100}}</ref> A 2004 [[field study]] indicated that fruit body production is enhanced by an open and sunny wood habitat,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Salerni E, Perini C |year=2004 |title=Experimental study for increasing productivity of ''Boletus edulis'' s.l. in Italy |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=201 |issue=2–3 |pages=161–70|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.027}}</ref> corroborating an earlier observation made in a Zimbabwean study;<ref name=Masuka1996>{{cite journal |author=Masuka AJ. |year=1996 |title=Dynamics of mushroom (''Boletus edulis'') production in pine plantations in Zimbabwe |journal= Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=69–76 |doi=10.4314/jassa.v2i2.16877|url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/8944 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> removal of the litter layer on the [[forest floor]] appeared to have a negative effect on fruit body production, but previous studies reported contradictory results.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baar J, Ter Braak CJ |year=1996 |title=Ectomycorrhizal sporocarp occurrence as affected by manipulation of litter and humus layers in Scots pine stands of different age |journal=Applied Soil Ecology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=61–73|doi= 10.1016/0929-1393(96)00097-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baar J, de Vries FW |year=1995 |title=Effects of manipulation of litter and humus layer on ectomycorrhizal colonization potential in Scots pine stands of different age |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=267–72 |doi=10.1007/BF00204960 |s2cid=32618842 }}</ref> A Lithuanian study conducted in 2001 concluded that the maximal daily growth rate of the cap (about 21&nbsp;mm or 0.8&nbsp;in) occurred when the [[relative air humidity]] was the greatest, and the fruit bodies ceased growing when the air humidity dropped below 40%. Factors most likely to inhibit the appearance of fruit bodies included prolonged drought, inadequate air and soil humidity, sudden decreases of night air temperatures, and the appearance of the first [[frost]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kasparavicius, J. |year=2001 |title=Influence of climatic conditions on the growth of fruit bodies of ''Boletus edulis'' |journal=Botanica Lithuanica |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=73–78 |issn=1392-1665}}</ref> Plots facing north tend to produce more mushrooms compared to equivalent plots facing south.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Martín-Pinto P, Vaquerizo H, Peñalver F, Olaizola J, Oria-de-Rueda J |year=2006 |title=Early effects of a wildfire on the diversity and production of fungal communities in Mediterranean vegetation types dominated by ''Cistus ladanifer'' and ''Pinus pinaster'' in Spain |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=225 |issue=1–3 |pages=296–305|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.006}}</ref>